Analysis of the Shortening Reaction in Man

2015 ◽  
pp. 629-634
Author(s):  
P. Rondot ◽  
S. Metral
Keyword(s):  
Shortening Reaction

Concurrent changes in shortening reaction latency and reaction time of forearm muscles in post-stroke patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Miscio ◽  
F. Pisano ◽  
C. Del Conte ◽  
R. Colombo ◽  
M. Schieppati
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Forearm Muscles ◽  
Shortening Reaction ◽  
Reaction Latency

Shortening reaction of human tibialis anterior

Neurology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Berardelli ◽  
M. Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Shortening Reaction

scholarly journals Catalytic Approaches to Multicomponent Reactions: A Critical Review and Perspectives on the Roles of Catalysis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Brenno A. D. Neto ◽  
Rafael O. Rocha ◽  
Marcelo O. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Reaction Route ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Shortening Reaction ◽  
Byproduct Formation

In this review, we comprehensively describe catalyzed multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and the multiple roles of catalysis combined with key parameters to perform these transformations. Besides improving yields and shortening reaction times, catalysis is vital to achieving greener protocols and to furthering the MCR field of research. Considering that MCRs typically have two or more possible reaction pathways to explain the transformation, catalysis is essential for selecting a reaction route and avoiding byproduct formation. Key parameters, such as temperature, catalyst amounts and reagent quantities, were analyzed. Solvent effects, which are likely the most neglected topic in MCRs, as well as their combined roles with catalysis, are critically discussed. Stereocontrolled MCRs, rarely observed without the presence of a catalytic system, are also presented and discussed in this review. Perspectives on the use of catalytic systems for improved and greener MCRs are finally presented.

Society of Physicians at Kazan University

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 860-863
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Sputum Cytology ◽  
Current Action ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Shortening Reaction

Session 17/V.Dr. N. A. Kramov: Sputum cytology and its diagnostic value (abstract not delivered). Prof. A. F. Samoilov and M. A. Kiselev: Electrophysiology of the rigid muscle. The speakers performed experiments on cats decerebrated according to Sherrington's method, with photographic recordings of mechanograms of both hind limbs and current: action of one of the two m. quadr. femoris. Studying the properties of the rigid muscle, they found that during the "lengthening reaction" there was an increase in the amplitude and number of action currents, whereas during the "shortening reaction" they decreased or even dropped out completely.

Shortening reaction in normal and parkinsonian subjects

Neurology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Angel
Keyword(s):  
Shortening Reaction

scholarly journals Reflex conduction in the giant fibres of the earthworm

1946 ◽  
Vol 133 (870) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Shortening Reaction ◽  
End To End ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Giant Fibres

The present work confirms the conclusion of Friedländer and others that the giant fibres mediate the end-to-end shortening reaction in the earthworm. The chief concern has been to investigate Stough’s claim that the median giant fibre conducts impulses only in the direction from head to tail and the lateral giants only in the reverse direction. Two methods have been employed. ( a ) The nerve cord was exposed at each end of the worm, and electrical records taken simultaneously from the two extremities when the surface of the worm was touched at different places. The results were usually a train of impulses in one or other giant fibre, and it was found that whenever an impulse appeared at one end of a given fibre, it always appeared at the other end of the same fibre. Each fibre, therefore, when it conducted at all, always conducted in both directions. Sensory nerves from the head appeared only connected to the median giant, since stimulation anterior to the clitellum never resulted in lateral fibre activity. Similarly, the tail appeared only to join with the lateral giant fibres. ( b ) Stough’s own method was used, and his observations confirmed, extended and re-interpreted. Either the median or both lateral fibres were divided in one segment. The success of this operation could be judged by leading off the giant fibre responses from the undissected worm (figure 5). Next day, when the worm had recovered, the shortening reflex was observed when the worm was touched at the head, the tail, or in the middle. The shortening was either throughout, or was arrested at the operation site, depending upon whether the active giant fibre was the intact or the damaged one. The results are summarized on p. 119. From both the head and the tail Stough’s observations are confirmed, and it is agreed that impulses from the head are conducted back by the median giant alone. The absence of impulses in the laterals might be due to contrary one-way conduction as Stough assumes, or to the absence of their sensory connexion with the head. But ( a ) above shows that the latter is correct, and the same must be concluded from touching the middle region of the worm, which apparently Stough did not do, for this part connects with the lateral giants, and thus affords a demonstration that these fibres may also conduct antero-posteriorly. The difference in function of the separate giant fibres, therefore, is probably related to their difference in sensory distribution.

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