V. The Structural Elements of the Vertebrate Nervous System

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-818
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Elements

The Beattie Smith Lectures on Insanity for 1926

1928 ◽  
Vol 74 (304) ◽  
pp. 12-34
Author(s):  
Richard J. A. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Bipolar Neuron ◽  
Multipolar Neuron

The nervous system of all vertebrates is built up of long conducting, specialized cells, termed neurons. In order to function, these neurons, or nerve-cells, must be linked together in chains or arcs. Each neuron in the chain or arc is structurally separated from other neurons by a break termed a synapse. The structural elements of a neuronic arc are, therefore, as follows: 1.A sensitive receiving organ—the receptor or sense-organ.2.A centrally conducting receptor bipolar neuron.3.One or more short connector or internuncial neurons.4.A peripherally conducting effector multipolar neuron.5.An effector apparatus—for example, a muscle or a gland.

Signaling in the Brain

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
System Function ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Specialized Structure ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
The Brain

Neurons are the cells of the brain responsible for intracellular and intercellular information transfer, or signaling; they are asymmetrical cells with morphologically and functionally distinct regions that specialize them for signaling. This chapter focuses on the unique structural elements characteristic of neurons throughout the animal kingdom. These include the dendrite, among whose functions is the receipt of information from other neurons. The axon, in contrast, is specialized for the intracellular transfer of information over long distances. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the synapse, the highly specialized structure that mediates the transfer of information from one neuron to another. It is this intracellular and intercellular communication that is the essence of nervous system function, and that makes the brain so complex and difficult to study and yet at the same time so fascinating for students of cell and molecular biology.

PROBLEMS OF YOUNG ADOLESCENTS’ SELF-REGULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
G.I. Simonova ◽  
Yu.A. Guschina
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Young Adolescent ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Regulation Of Activity

The article discusses the issues of self-regulation development in young adolescents. It reveals the structural elements of self-regulation process, characterizes the structural-functional and content-psychological aspects of self-regulation. The presented structure served as the basis for the analysis of self-regulation of children of early adolescence, taking into account the changes that occur with children at this age stage. The following features of self-regulation of young adolescents in different spheres of their personal development have been identified: a decrease in the ability of self-regulation due to changes occurring at the physiological level and in the functioning of the nervous system of the young adolescent; an increase in the young adolescent's ability to consciously and arbitrarily regulate the motivational sphere of personality in combination with weak arbitrariness of learning motivation; the emergence of the ability for independent volitional regulation of activity; a decrease in the ability for self-regulation in the emotional sphere due to the emergence of a tendency to self-reinforcement, a tendency to affectation in behavior; connection of the adequacy of the image of the "I" and the ability to self-regulation.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

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