Gastrointestinal Hormones during Total Parenteral Nutrition1

2015 ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman S. Track
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Hormones

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND CURRENT TREATMENT APPROACHES

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-839
Author(s):  
Temuri Morgoshiya
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
By Products

The overview of literature on modem classification issues, diagnostics and treatments of neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas is provided. According to modern views all neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas having clinical manifestations (in the form of the syndromes caused by products of specific hormones; increases in level of hormones in blood of patients without clinical manifestations; in the form of signs of existence of volume education in various departments of PZh) and/or the researches (more than 5 mm) revealed by means of beam methods are malignant in the biology as they have high potential to innidiation. In article it is shown that a considerable part of neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas are nonfunctioning, i.e. not cosecreting various gastrointestinal hormones and polypeptides in blood and thereof not followed characteristic clinical manifestations. It is noted that diagnostics of neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas is extremely difficult task on which solution the choice of a method of treatment and its long-term results depends...

scholarly journals Microbiota Changes in Fathers Consuming a High Prebiotic Fiber Diet Have Minimal Effects on Male and Female Offspring in Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Faye Chleilat ◽  
Alana Schick ◽  
Raylene A. Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Satiety Hormone ◽  
Prebiotic Fiber

Background: Consuming a diet high in prebiotic fiber has been associated with improved metabolic and gut microbial parameters intergenerationally, although studies have been limited to maternal intake with no studies examining this effect in a paternal model. Method: Male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to either (1) control or (2) oligofructose-supplemented diet for nine weeks and then mated. Offspring consumed control diet until 16 weeks of age. Bodyweight, body composition, glycemia, hepatic triglycerides, gastrointestinal hormones, and gut microbiota composition were measured in fathers and offspring. Results: Paternal energy intake was reduced, while satiety inducing peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) gut hormone was increased in prebiotic versus control fathers. Increased serum PYY persisted in female prebiotic adult offspring. Hepatic triglycerides were decreased in prebiotic fathers with a similar trend (p = 0.07) seen in female offspring. Gut microbial composition showed significantly reduced alpha diversity in prebiotic fathers at 9 and 12 weeks of age (p < 0.001), as well as concurrent differences in beta diversity (p < 0.001), characterized by differences in Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and particularly Bifidobacterium animalis. Female prebiotic offspring had higher alpha diversity at 3 and 9 weeks of age (p < 0.002) and differences in beta diversity at 15 weeks of age (p = 0.04). Increases in Bacteroidetes in female offspring and Christensenellaceae in male offspring were seen at nine weeks of age. Conclusions: Although paternal prebiotic intake before conception improves metabolic and microbiota outcomes in fathers, effects on offspring were limited with increased serum satiety hormone levels and changes to only select gut bacteria.

scholarly journals Role of Bile Acids in the Regulation of Food Intake, and Their Dysregulation in Metabolic Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Cong Xie ◽  
Weikun Huang ◽  
Richard L. Young ◽  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Michael Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Bile Acid Sequestrants

Bile acids are cholesterol-derived metabolites with a well-established role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fat. More recently, the discovery of bile acids as natural ligands for the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), and the recognition of the effects of FXR and TGR5 signaling have led to a paradigm shift in knowledge regarding bile acid physiology and metabolic health. Bile acids are now recognized as signaling molecules that orchestrate blood glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Changes in FXR and/or TGR5 signaling modulates the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, energy expenditure, and the composition of the gut microbiome. These effects may contribute to the metabolic benefits of bile acid sequestrants, metformin, and bariatric surgery. This review focuses on the role of bile acids in energy intake and body weight, particularly their effects on gastrointestinal hormone secretion, the changes in obesity and T2D, and their potential relevance to the management of metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals The Function of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Obesity—Implications for the Regulation of Energy Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1839
Author(s):  
Mona Farhadipour ◽  
Inge Depoortere
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Hormone Balance ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Induce Weight Loss ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Control Food Intake

The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms that control food intake. Food ingestion triggers several physiological responses in the digestive system, including the release of gastrointestinal hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are involved in appetite signalling. Disturbed regulation of gut hormone release may affect energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity. In this review, we summarize the changes that occur in the gut hormone balance during the pre- and postprandial state in obesity and the alterations in the diurnal dynamics of their plasma levels. We further discuss how obesity may affect nutrient sensors on enteroendocrine cells that sense the luminal content and provoke alterations in their secretory profile. Gastric bypass surgery elicits one of the most favorable metabolic outcomes in obese patients. We summarize the effect of different strategies to induce weight loss on gut enteroendocrine function. Although the mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, restoring the gut hormone balance in obesity by targeting nutrient sensors or by combination therapy with gut peptide mimetics represents a novel strategy to ameliorate obesity.

Solid-phase synthesis and biological activities of gastrointestinal hormones: Secretin and motilin

Peptides ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Coy ◽  
Esther J. Coy ◽  
Kae-Yol Lee ◽  
William Y. Chey
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Phase Synthesis
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