III Formation of Organic Compounds from Inorganic Substances

2015 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Inorganic Substances

Advancements on Adjuvanticity of Bioactive Inorganic and Organic Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhimli Banerjee ◽  
Sananda Dey ◽  
Kazi Monjur Ali ◽  
Biplab Giri ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Dash
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Challenging Situation

Background: Regardless of the enormous success of vaccines over decades, the formulation of biocompatible and highly effective vaccines is still insufficient for combating new pathogens. Discussion: The degree of effectiveness of any vaccine largely depends on the choice of appropriate adjuvant. Along with the optimum biocompatibility, an ideal adjuvant must be biodegradable, economical and easy to manufacture. To date, various organic and inorganic substances are used as adjuvant to augment the effectiveness of the vaccine. Immunological adjuvant is essentials for strong and long-term effects against various pathogens. However, there are a very limited number of licensed adjuvant are available for formulation of a successful vaccine. This produces a challenging situation in medical science. Conclusion: The present review concisely summarizes the mechanism of action of various bioactive organic and inorganic immunological adjuvant, their limitations and future perspectives for their appropriate modification. Current trends of anticancer therapies using immunological adjuvant has also highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals DSC ANALYSIS OF NOVEL POLYETHILENE BIOFILM CARRIERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Ovidiu IORDACHE ◽  
Irina SANDULACHE ◽  
Ioana Corina MOGA ◽  
Cornelia MITRAN ◽  
Lucia SECAREANU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
High Density ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) wastewater treatment technology relies heavily on the type of used HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) carriers, that use immobilized biofilm for the removal of organic and inorganic substances in the treated wastewater. Present work explored DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) analysis on four novel variants of HDPE carriers. DSC is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. The four novel carriers were composed of novel recipes of mixes of polyethylene with inorganic and organic compounds (patent pending), designed for greater microbial biofilm development. DSC analysis. DSC analysis was carried out in order to understand the behavior of the developed carriers, in various scenarios. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a weak, semi- crystalline, thermoplastic polymer that is part of the polyolefin class. Analysis revealed that the temperatures at which the melting process of crystalline zones in the macromolecular structures occur, gradually decreases from the sample with only HDPE in composition to the one with addition of a mix of inorganic and organic compounds.

From the Moon to Mars: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Gaines ◽  
Geoffrey Eglinton ◽  
Jürgen Rullkötter
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Sterile Medium ◽  
Carbonaceous Meteorite ◽  
Life On Earth

“But did anyone really expect to find anything?” I ask Geoff, as he shows me the canister that had contained his sample of moon dust from the 1969 Apollo 11 mission. “Well, no,” he replied, “we didn’t think there’d ever been life on the moon. But we didn’t know. We thought there might be organic compounds.” And why not? People had been finding organic compounds in meteorites for more than a century, and no one was quite sure where they’d come from or how they’d formed. In 1834, the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius noted the high carbon content of a meteorite that had fallen in southern France a couple of decades earlier. Meteor showers in Europe were described as early as 1492, and their extraterrestrial provenance had been documented in 1803, when the distinguished French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot featured among the scores of citizens who witnessed the stones falling from the sky above the village of l’Alsace. But the source of the carbon compounds Berzelius and others found in meteorites would remain controversial far into the next century. Another carbonaceous meteorite fell in Hungary in 1857, and the eminent chemist Frederick Wöhler—Berzelius’s student, and the first to show that one could create carbon compounds like those made by organisms from inorganic substances in the lab—found organic compounds that he was convinced were of extraterrestrial biological origin. A decade later, Marcellin Berthelot found what he called “petroleum-like hydrocarbons” in a meteorite that had fallen near Orgueil, France, in 1864. He postulated that the hydrocarbons had formed abiotically from reaction of metal carbides with water, but in the next few years there was a spate of meteorite treatises in which the fossils of an astounding assortment of exotic extraterrestrial creatures were described in minute detail. Louis Pasteur had just presented his famous experiment showing that a protected, sterile medium remained devoid of life ad infinitum and debunked the popular theory that life could burst spontaneously into being from nonliving matter, but now the debate shifted to the possibility that life on Earth had originated with live cells or spores delivered by meteorites from space.

Artemia salina acute immobilization test: a possible tool for aquatic ecotoxicity assessment

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Kalčíková ◽  
Jana Zagorc-Končan ◽  
Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Marine Crustacean ◽  
Strong Relation

Despite the fact that the marine crustacean Artemia salina is extensively used in ecotoxicology, there is still a lack of information about its sensitivity to commonly used chemicals. In the presented study, acute toxicity of 18 commonly used chemicals – including organic solvents, industrial chemicals, metals and inorganic compounds – to A. salina was evaluated. A. salina showed a range of sensitivities to tested chemicals. Regarding all of the investigated organics, phenolic compounds expressed the highest toxicity to A. salina. Nitrite and mercury were the most toxic inorganic substances applied in the study. On the other hand, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitrate and ammonium were the least toxic. The possibility to use A. salina for interspecies correlation was assessed by comparison of sensitivities of different organisms (bacteria, fish, crustacean) to organic compounds. Correlation between various species was observed, especially between A. salina and fish. Due to the strong relation between toxicity and the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient logPOW, lipophilicity was found to be the main factor influencing toxicity of the chosen organic compounds. No significant correlation between toxicity to A. salina and physico-chemical parameters of metals was observed.

Decolorization and COD Removal of Saline Brine by Ozonation

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 829-832
Author(s):  
Wen Tao Yi ◽  
Chun Yan Yan ◽  
Xiao Xia Wu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Bubble Column Reactor ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Inorganic Substances

Salt lakes with large reserves of mineral resources are widely distributed in China. In addition to aboundant inorganic substances, there also exist a mass of organic compounds in the brine. It is realized these organic compounds can produce serious negative effects on the process equipment and products quality. In this work, the decolorization and COD removal of the brine by ozonation were investigated in a bubble column reactor. The effects of contact time, ozone-air flow rate, pH and temperature on the decolorization and COD removal were investigated. It was found that the decolorization and COD removal rates increased with increasing ozone-air flow rate and contact time, while increased first and then decreased with increasing temperature and pH. Under the optimal conditions, color removal reached 47.3% and COD was reduced by 42.2%. Thus, ozonation can be used as the pretreatment method for decolorization and COD removal of the brine.

The Tempo and mode(S) of Prebiotic Evolution

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lazcano
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
The Origin Of Life

AbstractDifferent current ideas on the origin of life are critically examined. Comparison of the now fashionable FeS/H2S pyrite-based autotrophic theory of the origin of life with the heterotrophic viewpoint suggest that the later is still the most fertile explanation for the emergence of life. However, the theory of chemical evolution and heterotrophic origins of life requires major updating, which should include the abandonment of the idea that the appearance of life was a slow process involving billions of years. Stability of organic compounds and the genetics of bacteria suggest that the origin and early diversification of life took place in a time period of the order of 10 million years. Current evidence suggest that the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds may be a widespread phenomenon in the Galaxy and may have a deterministic nature. However, the history of the biosphere does not exhibits any obvious trend towards greater complexity or «higher» forms of life. Therefore, the role of contingency in biological evolution should not be understimated in the discussions of the possibilities of life in the Universe.

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