scholarly journals Impact of the Provision of Safe Drinking Water on School Absence Rates in Cambodia: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Hunter ◽  
Helen Risebro ◽  
Marie Yen ◽  
Héléne Lefebvre ◽  
Chay Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
School Absence ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Background: Education is one of the most important drivers for helping people in developing countries lift themselves out of poverty. However, even when schooling is available absenteeism rates can be high. Recently, focus is being given on whether or not WASH interventions can help reduce absenteeism in developing countries. However, none has focused exclusively on the role of drinking water provision. We report a study on the association between absenteeism and provision of treated water in containers maintained in schools. Methods and Findings: We undertook a quasi-experimental longitudinal study of absenteeism rates in 8 schools, 4 of which received one 20 l container of treated drinking water per day. The water had been treated by filtration and ultraviolet disinfection. Weekly absenteeism rates were compared across all schools using the negative binomial model in generalized estimating equations. There was a strong association between the provision of free water and reduced absenteeism (Incidence rate ratio = 0.39 (95% confidence intervals 0.27-0.56)). However, there was also a strong association with season (wet versus dry) and a significant interaction between receiving free water and season. In one of the intervention schools, it was discovered that the water supplier was not fulfilling his contract and was not delivering sufficient water each week. In this school, we showed a significant association between the number of water containers delivered each week and absenteeism (IRR = 0.98 95% CI 0.96-1.00). Conclusion: There appears to be a strong association between providing free and safe drinking water and reduced absenteeism, although only in the dry season. The mechanism for this association is not clear but may be in part due to improved hydration leading to improved school experience for the children.

scholarly journals Impact of the Provision of Safe Drinking Water on School Absence Rates in Cambodia: A Quasi-Experimental Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e91847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Hunter ◽  
Helen Risebro ◽  
Marie Yen ◽  
Hélène Lefebvre ◽  
Chay Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
School Absence ◽  
Quasi Experimental

scholarly journals Universal Access to Safe Drinking Water: Escaping the Traps of Non-Frugal Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9645
Author(s):  
Zhe Huang ◽  
Esther Laurentine Nya ◽  
Viet Cao ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Mohammad Azizur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

This communication is motivated by recent publications discussing the affordability of appropriate decentralized solutions for safe drinking water provision in low-income communities. There is a huge contrast between the costs of presented technologies, which vary by a factor of up to 12. For example, for the production of 2000 L/d of treated drinking water, the costs vary between about 1500 and 12,000 Euro. A closer look at the technologies reveals that expensive technologies use imported manufactured components or devices that cannot yet be locally produced. In the battle to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for safe drinking water (SDG 6.1), such technologies should be, at best, considered as bridging solutions. For a sustainable self-reliance in safe drinking water supply, do-it-yourself (DIY) systems should be popularized. These DIY technologies include biochar and metallic iron (Fe0) based systems. These relevant technologies should then be further improved through internal processes.

scholarly journals Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Naseri ◽  
Arnaud Ndé-Tchoupé ◽  
Hezron Mwakabona ◽  
Charles Nanseu-Njiki ◽  
Chicgoua Noubactep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Universal Solution ◽  
Water Provision

Reduction of MS2 bacteriophage and rotavirus in biosand filters

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanting Wang ◽  
Mingming Li ◽  
Kazami Brockman ◽  
Thanh H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Ms2 Bacteriophage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Biosand Filters

Biosand filter can potentially remove up 99.99% of rotavirus to provide safe drinking water to communities in developing countries.

Bacteria removal effectiveness of ceramic pot filters not applied with colloidal silver

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Clark ◽  
A. C. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Bacteria Removal

In many developing countries such as Guatemala, access to safe drinking water is very limited. Many sources of water that are available are contaminated with bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria. In order to provide a means of obtaining safe drinking water in developing countries, various methods of treating water at the household level have been developed and implemented throughout the world. One of the more promising treatment mechanisms is the ceramic pot filter, which is typically applied with colloidal silver because of it supposed disinfection purposes. During this study, the bacteria removal effectiveness of 30 filters without colloidal silver was determined by adding water contaminated with Escherichia coli to the filters, and then measuring bacteria concentrations in the filter effluent. The average log reduction values of E. coli and total coliforms determined in this study are 2.1 and 2.3, respectively, and are comparable to other studies of bacteria removal of CPFs. This situation suggests that colloidal silver may indeed not be necessary for the filters to effectively remove bacteria from source water. This study was completed in a period of two weeks, however, while the effect of silver may provide disinfection for several months of use.

scholarly journals Approximating Community Water System Service Areas to Explore the Demographics of SDWA Compliance in Virginia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13254
Author(s):  
Cristina Marcillo ◽  
Leigh-Anne Krometis ◽  
Justin Krometis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Service Areas

Although the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) theoretically ensures drinking water quality, recent studies have questioned the reliability and equity associated with community water system (CWS) service. This study aimed to identify SDWA violation differences (i.e., monitoring and reporting (MR) and health-based (HB)) between Virginia CWSs given associated service demographics, rurality, and system characteristics. A novel geospatial methodology delineated CWS service areas at the zip code scale to connect 2000 US Census demographics with 2006–2016 SDWA violations, with significant associations determined via negative binomial regression. The proportion of Black Americans within a service area was positively associated with the likelihood of HB violations. This effort supports the need for further investigation of racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to safe drinking water within the United States in particular and offers a geospatial strategy to explore demographics in other settings where data on infrastructure extents are limited. Further interdisciplinary efforts at multiple scales are necessary to identify the entwined causes for differential risks in adverse drinking water quality exposures and would be substantially strengthened by the mapping of official CWS service boundaries.

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