Reduction of MS2 bacteriophage and rotavirus in biosand filters

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanting Wang ◽  
Mingming Li ◽  
Kazami Brockman ◽  
Thanh H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Ms2 Bacteriophage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Biosand Filters

Biosand filter can potentially remove up 99.99% of rotavirus to provide safe drinking water to communities in developing countries.

Bacteria removal effectiveness of ceramic pot filters not applied with colloidal silver

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Clark ◽  
A. C. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Bacteria Removal

In many developing countries such as Guatemala, access to safe drinking water is very limited. Many sources of water that are available are contaminated with bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria. In order to provide a means of obtaining safe drinking water in developing countries, various methods of treating water at the household level have been developed and implemented throughout the world. One of the more promising treatment mechanisms is the ceramic pot filter, which is typically applied with colloidal silver because of it supposed disinfection purposes. During this study, the bacteria removal effectiveness of 30 filters without colloidal silver was determined by adding water contaminated with Escherichia coli to the filters, and then measuring bacteria concentrations in the filter effluent. The average log reduction values of E. coli and total coliforms determined in this study are 2.1 and 2.3, respectively, and are comparable to other studies of bacteria removal of CPFs. This situation suggests that colloidal silver may indeed not be necessary for the filters to effectively remove bacteria from source water. This study was completed in a period of two weeks, however, while the effect of silver may provide disinfection for several months of use.

scholarly journals Impact of the Provision of Safe Drinking Water on School Absence Rates in Cambodia: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Hunter ◽  
Helen Risebro ◽  
Marie Yen ◽  
Héléne Lefebvre ◽  
Chay Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
School Absence ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Background: Education is one of the most important drivers for helping people in developing countries lift themselves out of poverty. However, even when schooling is available absenteeism rates can be high. Recently, focus is being given on whether or not WASH interventions can help reduce absenteeism in developing countries. However, none has focused exclusively on the role of drinking water provision. We report a study on the association between absenteeism and provision of treated water in containers maintained in schools. Methods and Findings: We undertook a quasi-experimental longitudinal study of absenteeism rates in 8 schools, 4 of which received one 20 l container of treated drinking water per day. The water had been treated by filtration and ultraviolet disinfection. Weekly absenteeism rates were compared across all schools using the negative binomial model in generalized estimating equations. There was a strong association between the provision of free water and reduced absenteeism (Incidence rate ratio = 0.39 (95% confidence intervals 0.27-0.56)). However, there was also a strong association with season (wet versus dry) and a significant interaction between receiving free water and season. In one of the intervention schools, it was discovered that the water supplier was not fulfilling his contract and was not delivering sufficient water each week. In this school, we showed a significant association between the number of water containers delivered each week and absenteeism (IRR = 0.98 95% CI 0.96-1.00). Conclusion: There appears to be a strong association between providing free and safe drinking water and reduced absenteeism, although only in the dry season. The mechanism for this association is not clear but may be in part due to improved hydration leading to improved school experience for the children.

scholarly journals Designing Iron-Amended Biosand Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Provision

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 798-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chicgoua Noubactep ◽  
Emile Temgoua ◽  
Mohammad A. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Biosand Filters ◽  
Water Provision

scholarly journals ECONOMIC CRISIS OF PAKISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2620-2623
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salih Memon ◽  
Dr.Asif Ali Shah ◽  
Faiz Muhammad Shaikh ◽  
Muhammad Munir Ahmadani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Day By Day

This research investigates the Economic Crisis Of Pakistan And Its Impact On Economy Of Pakistan .  Data were collected from various secondary sources, and data were analyzed by using SPSS-21 software. It was revealed that Pakistan is one of those developing countries which are facing through the economic problems which are hindering the success and the growth of the country. There are so many economic problems in Pakistan which are getting threatening and devastating day by day and if they are remained unattended than the conditions might even get to worse. Data were collected from various secondary sources.  It was revealed Corruption is the prime reason behind the economical unstableness,  Corruption has spread into the world and has ruined the economy. It is found in government as well as private sector also. Due to corruption, illiterate and dishonest workers come forward and cause industrial backwardness. Poor Social Sector Including Health, Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation etc.

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