Update on the Implementation of the WHO Child Growth Standards

2013 ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes de Onis
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Standards

scholarly journals Maternal Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Relation to Child Malnutrition in Gauteng, South Africa: A Retrospective Analysis

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Perpetua Modjadji ◽  
Mpinane Pitso
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Current Tobacco

Tobacco and alcohol use among mothers is associated with numerous adverse consequences for affected offspring, including poor growth and development. This study determined the association between maternal tobacco and alcohol use, and malnutrition, among infants aged ≤ 12 months (n = 300), in selected health facilities situated in Gauteng, South Africa. Data on alcohol and tobacco use were collected using a validated questionnaire, in addition to mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and obstetric history. Stunting (low height/length-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and thinness (low body mass index-for-age) were calculated using z-scores based on the World Health Organization child growth standards. The association of tobacco and alcohol use with stunting, underweight and thinness was analysed using logistic regression analysis. The results showed a mean age of 29 years (24.0; 35.0) for mothers and 7.6 ± 3 months for infants, and over half of the mothers were unemployed (63%). Approximately 18.7% of mothers had used tobacco and 3% had used alcohol during pregnancy. The prevalence of current tobacco and alcohol use among mothers were estimated at 14.3% and 49.7%, respectively, and almost three-quarters (67.3%) of them were still breastfeeding during the study period. Stunting (55%) was the most prevalent malnutrition indicator among infants, while underweight was 41.7%, and thinness was 22%. Current tobacco use was associated with increased odds of being thin [OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.09–5.45), and after adjusting for confounders, current alcohol use was associated with the likelihood of being underweight [AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.06–3.63] among infants. Future prospective cohort studies that examine growth patterns among infants who are exposed to maternal tobacco and alcohol use from the intrauterine life to infancy are necessary to inform, partly, the public health programmes, to reduce malnutrition among children.

Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Borghi ◽  
M. de Onis ◽  
C. Garza ◽  
J. Van den Broeck ◽  
E. A. Frongillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Association of Plasma Total Cysteine and Anthropometric Status in 6–30 Months Old Indian Children

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3146
Author(s):  
Catherine Schwinger ◽  
Ranadip Chowdhury ◽  
Shakun Sharma ◽  
Nita Bhandari ◽  
Sunita Taneja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Anthropometric Status ◽  
Height For Age

High-quality protein has been associated with child growth; however, the role of the amino acid cysteine remains unclear. The aim was to measure the extent to which plasma total cysteine (tCys) concentration is associated with anthropometric status in children aged 6–30 months living in New Delhi, India. The study was a prospective cohort study including 2102 children. We calculated Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), or weight-for-age (WAZ) according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. We used multiple regression models to estimate the association between tCys and the anthropometric indices. A high proportion of the children were categorized as malnourished at enrolment; 41% were stunted (HAZ ≤ −2), 19% were wasted (WHZ ≤ −2) and 42% underweight (WAZ ≤ −2). Plasma total cysteine (tCys) was significantly associated with HAZ, WHZ and WAZ after adjusting for relevant confounders (p < 0.001). Low tCys (≤25th percentile) was associated with a decrease of 0.28 Z-scores for HAZ, 0.10 Z-scores for WHZ, and 0.21 Z-scores for WAZ compared to being >25th percentile. In young Indian children from low-to-middle socioeconomic neighborhoods, a low plasma total cysteine concentration was associated with an increased risk of poor anthropometric status.

scholarly journals Field-Testing the WHO Child Growth Standards in Four Countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelheid W. Onyango ◽  
Mercedes de Onis ◽  
Margherita Caroli ◽  
Uzma Shah ◽  
Yanina Sguassero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Testing ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Standards

scholarly journals Partially Hydrolysed Whey-Based Formulae with Reduced Protein Content Support Adequate Infant Growth and Are Well Tolerated: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial in Healthy Term Infants

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1654
Author(s):  
Jacques Rigo ◽  
Stefanie Schoen ◽  
Marc Verghote ◽  
Bart van Overmeire ◽  
Wivinne Marion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Content Support

The current study aimed to investigate growth, safety and tolerance of partially hydrolysed infant formulae in healthy full-term infants. Fully formula-fed infants were randomised ≤14 days of age to receive a partially hydrolysed whey formula with 2.27 g protein/100 kcal (pHF2.27) or the same formula with 1.8 g or 2.0 g protein/100 kcal (pHF1.8 and pHF2.0) until 4 months of age. The primary outcome was equivalence in daily weight gain within margins of ± 3 g/day; comparison with WHO Child Growth Standards; gastrointestinal tolerance parameters and number of (serious) adverse events were secondary outcomes. A total of 207 infants were randomised, and 61 (pHF1.8), 46 (pHF2.0) and 48 (pHF2.27) infants completed the study per protocol. Equivalence in daily weight gain was demonstrated for the comparison of pHF1.8 and pHF2.27, i.e., the estimated difference was −1.12 g/day (90% CI: [−2.72; 0.47]) but was inconclusive for the comparisons of pHF2.0 and pHF2.27 with a difference of −2.52 g/day (90% CI: [−4.23; −0.81]). All groups showed adequate infant growth in comparison with the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards. To conclude, the evaluated partially hydrolysed formulae varying in protein content support adequate growth and are safe and well tolerated in healthy infants.

scholarly journals Effect of Correcting the Postnatal Age of Preterm-Born Children on Measures of Associations Between Infant Length-for-Age z Scores and Mid-Childhood Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita Perumal ◽  
Daniel E Roth ◽  
Donald C Cole ◽  
Stanley H Zlotkin ◽  
Johnna Perdrizet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Childhood Growth ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Preterm Born ◽  
Epidemiology Studies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Child growth standards are commonly used to derive age- and sex-standardized anthropometric indices but are often inappropriately applied to preterm-born children (&lt;37 weeks of gestational age (GA)) in epidemiology studies. Using the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, we examined the impact of correcting for GA in the application of child growth standards on the magnitude and direction of associations in 2 a priori–selected exposure-outcome scenarios: infant length-for-age z score (LAZ) and mid-childhood body mass index (scenario A), and infant LAZ and mid-childhood intelligence quotient (scenario B). GA was a confounder that had a strong (scenario A) or weak (scenario B) association with the outcome. Compared with uncorrected postnatal age, using GA-corrected postnatal age attenuated the magnitude of associations, particularly in early infancy, and changed inferences for associations at birth. Although differences in the magnitude of associations were small when GA was weakly associated with the outcome, model fit was meaningfully improved using corrected postnatal age. When estimating population-averaged associations with early childhood growth in studies where preterm- and term-born children are included, incorporating heterogeneity in GA at birth in the age scale used to standardize anthropometric indices postnatally provides a useful strategy to reduce standardization errors.

scholarly journals Outlier Detection in Growth Data: Beyond Biologically Implausible Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1174-1174
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Massara ◽  
Robert Bandsma ◽  
Celine Bourdon ◽  
Jonathon Maguire ◽  
Elena Comelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outlier Detection ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Growth Standards

Abstract Objectives Eliminating anthropometry measurement error and employing outlier and biological implausible values (BIV) detection methods adapted to longitudinal measurements is important for the study of growth. This work aimed to review and assess the accuracy of the available BIV and outlier detection methods and propose a growth trajectory outlier detection method. Methods We included 2354 infants from the Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids! ) cohort-based in Toronto (ON, Canada) that recruits healthy children from birth to 5 years of age. We considered infants with at least 8 length and weight measurements available between the 1st and the 24th month of age. Weight-for-length z-scores (wflz) were calculated using the WHO growth standards. Outlier measurements were randomly introduced in 5% of the wflz measurements using a normal distribution (μ = 0, σ = 1). We employed 4 outlier detection methods; an empirical detection method for BIV using the cut-offs derived from the WHO Child Growth Standards, a clustering method, a method based on cluster prototypes for individual outlier measurements and a method based on cluster prototypes for entire growth trajectories. Each method was applied individually and evaluated using the sensitivity and specificity indexes based on the manually introduced outliers. We also calculated the Kappa statistic to evaluate the agreement of each method against the manual outliers. Results After excluding premature (&lt;37 weeks), low birth weight (&lt;1500 g) neonates and children with missing length and weight measurements, we analyzed 393 children with a total of 3144 measurements. Sensitivity and specificity for the four methods ranged between 4.4%–55.0% and 83.7% −99.7%, respectively, with kappa being non-significant (P &gt; 0.05) only for the empirical. The clustering detection method reported a higher finding rate, while the empirical method found most of the BIV, but few of the rest of the outliers. Conclusions BIV account for a small portion of the possible outliers in growth datasets. We show that additional statistical or model-based methods are required for a more comprehensive outlier detection process, which has implications for growth analysis and nutritional assessment. Funding Sources Joannah and Brian Lawson Center for Child Nutrition, Connaught Fund, Onassis Foundation.

CHILD GROWTH STANDARDS

The Lancet ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 315 (8179) ◽  
pp. 1195-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-P. Manshande
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Standards
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