Gender Differences among Patients with a Single Depressive Episode

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens D. Bukh ◽  
Camilla Bock ◽  
Maj Vinberg ◽  
Ulrik Gether ◽  
Lars Vedel Kessing
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Single Depressive Episode

Gender differences in subtypes of late-onset depression and mania

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Vedel Kessing
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Single Depressive Episode ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Comorbid Substance Abuse

Background: It is currently not known whether elderly men and women present with different subtypes of depression and mania/bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of subtypes of a single depressive episode and mania/bipolar disorder according to the ICD-10 for elderly men and women in a nationwide sample of all out- and inpatients in psychiatric settings.Methods: All patients older than 65 years who received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode and mania/bipolar disorder in the period from 1994 to 2002 at the end of their first outpatient treatment or at their first discharge from psychiatric hospitalization in Denmark were identified in a nationwide register.Results: A total of 9837 patients aged more than 65 years received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode (69.9% were women) and 443 a diagnosis of mania/bipolar disorder (61.6% were women) at the end of their first contact with psychiatric health care. Slightly more women than men received a diagnosis of mild (70.8%) or moderate depression (67.4%) compared to severe depression (65.9%). Men more often presented with a single depressive episode with comorbid substance abuse or comorbid somatic illness. No gender differences were found in the prevalence of depression with or without melancholic or psychotic symptoms. Men more often presented with mania/bipolar disorder with comorbid substance abuse.Conclusions: The distributions of the subtypes of a single depressive episode or mania/bipolar disorder are remarkably similar for male and female patients aged over 65 years with first contact with the psychiatric health-care system.

Gender differences in the onset of depression following a shared life event: a study of couples

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. NAZROO ◽  
A. C. EDWARDS ◽  
G. W. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Life Event ◽  
The One ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Role Activity

Background. Gender differences in clinically relevant depression are well established, appear to be greatest in childbearing years and may be the result of gender differences in social roles. Methods. A community sample of 100 couples who had recently experienced at least one threatening life event that was potentially depressogenic for both of them was studied using a semi-structured interviewer-rated interview. Onset of depression was assessed using the Present State Examination, and, rather than assuming that a gender difference in roles existed uniformly across the couples, they were characterized according to their actual role activity and commitment.Results. Women were found to have a greater risk of a depressive episode following the life event than men, and this difference was of a similar magnitude to other reports of gender differences in depression. Consistent with a role hypothesis, this greater risk was entirely restricted to episodes that followed events involving children, housing or reproductive problems. In addition, it was found that women's greater risk of a depressive episode following such events was only present among those couples where there were clear gender differences in associated roles. There was some suggestion that differences in roles on the one hand resulted in women being more likely to hold themselves responsible for such events and, on the other hand, enabled men to distance themselves from them.Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that gender differences in rates of depression in the general population are, to a considerable extent, a consequence of role differences.

Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: an investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTINE KUEHNER ◽  
IRIS WEBER
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Response Styles Theory

Background. The response styles theory suggests that rumination in response to depressed mood exacerbates and prolongs depression, while distraction ameliorates and shortens it. Gender differences in response styles are said to contribute to the observed gender differences in the prevalence of unipolar depression. While empirical support for the theory has been found from a variety of non-clinical studies, its generalizability to clinically depressed patient populations remains unclear.Methods. A cohort of 52 unipolar depressed in-patients was assessed with the Response Styles Questionnaire during in-patient stay (T1) and 4 weeks after discharge (T2). The patients were followed up 4 months after discharge (T3). Clinical assessment included the SCAN-PSE-10.Results. Moderate and statistically significant retest-stabilities for rumination and distraction were found, comparable for patients with stable and changing depression status from T1 to T2. A cross-sectional diagnosis of a major depressive episode was associated with rumination, while gender was not. Post-discharge baseline rumination (T2), adjusted for concurrent depression, predicted follow-up levels of depression (T3), and, in patients who were non-remitted at post-discharge baseline, it predicted presence of a major depressive episode at follow-up (T3). Results on distraction were more ambiguous.Conclusions. Our results suggest that rumination is likely to have a deteriorating impact on the course of clinical episodes of depression in unipolar depressed patients. Larger longitudinal patient studies are needed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals Severity of depressive episodes during the course of depressive disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 192 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Vedel Kessing
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Case Register ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Single Depressive Episode ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Depressive Episodes

BackgroundIt is not clear whether the severity of depressive episodes changes during the course of depressive disorder.AimsTo investigate whether the severity of depressive episodes increases during the course of illness.MethodUsing a Danish nationwide case register, all psychiatric inpatients and out-patients with a main ICD-10 diagnosis of a single mild, moderate or severe depressive episode at the end of first contact were identified. Patients included in the study were from the period 1994–2003.ResultsA total of 19 392 patients received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode at first contact. The prevalence of severe depressive episodes increased from 25.5% at the first episode to 50.0% at the 15th episode and the prevalence of psychotic episodes increased from 8.7% at the first episode to 25.0% at the 15th episode. The same pattern was found regardless of gender, age at first contact and calendar year.ConclusionsThe increasing severity of depressive episodes emphasises the importance of early and sustained prophylactic treatment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Platelet Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity in Late-Life Depressions

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
O. K. Savushkina ◽  
E. B. Tereshkina ◽  
T. A. Prokhorova ◽  
I. S. Boksha ◽  
T. P. Safarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Depressive Episode ◽  
Depressive Episodes

The aim of the study is to evaluate the activity of platelet glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in late-life depression compared to the healthy control group and to reveal possible correlations with clinical data. Patients and methods: 42 elderly patients (60–86 years old) with depressive episodes of different nosological categories according to ICD-10 were examined: a single depressive episode (F32.0, F32.1), a depressive episode in recurrent depressive disorder (RDD — F33.0, F33.1) and a depressive episode in bipolar affective disorder (BD — F31.3). The activity of GDH and the severity of depression (using the Hamilton depressive scale, HAMD-17, and the Hamilton scale for assessing anxiety, HARS) were evaluated twice: before the starting the course of antidepressant therapy (day 0) and on the 28th day of the treatment course. Results: patients showed a significant decrease in the activity of GDH compared to the control group (p < 0.0008). Before the treatment, GDH activity was significantly reduced compared to the control in both RDD and BD (p < 0.002 and p < 0.004), whereas after the treatment, the decreased GDH activity was observed only in patients with BD (p < 0.002). When compared with the control group, male patients showed a significant decrease in GDH activity both before and after the treatment course (p < 0.017 and p < 0.027), whereas women patients showed the decrease only before the treatment (p < 0.014). Conclusion: the decreased platelet GDH activity in elderly depressions may indicate an impairment of glutamate metabolism. Gender differences were revealed in the reversal of GDH activity level after the therapy: in men, the level of GDH activity did not recover to control values after the treatment course. An elevation in the level of GDH to control values over a 28-day course of therapy occurred only in patients with RDD, but not in patients with BD.

scholarly journals Validity of the diagnosis of a single depressive episode in a case register

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Bock ◽  
Jens Bukh ◽  
Maj Vinberg ◽  
Ulrik Gether ◽  
Lars Kessing
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Case Register ◽  
Single Depressive Episode
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