Molecular Mechanisms of Olfactory Processing in the Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium

ORL ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanns Hatt
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Olfactory Processing

scholarly journals Transcriptome sequencing of olfactory-related genes in olfactory transduction of large yellow croaker (Larimichthy crocea) in response to bile salts

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiabao Hu ◽  
Yajun Wang ◽  
Qijun Le ◽  
Na Yu ◽  
Xiaohuan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Large Yellow Croaker ◽  
Olfactory Transduction ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Chemical Signalling ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli

Fish produce and release bile salts as chemical signalling substances that act as sensitive olfactory stimuli. To investigate how bile salts affect olfactory signal transduction in large yellow croaker (Larimichthy crocea), deep sequencing of olfactory epithelium was conducted to analyse olfactory-related genes in olfactory transduction. Sodium cholates (SAS) have typical bile salt chemical structures, hence we used four different concentrations of SAS to stimulate L. crocea, and the fish displayed a significant behavioural preference for 0.30% SAS. We then sequenced olfactory epithelium tissues, and identified 9938 unigenes that were significantly differentially expressed between SAS-stimulated and control groups, including 9055 up-regulated and 883 down-regulated unigenes. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses found eight categories linked to the olfactory transduction pathway that was highly enriched with some differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including the olfactory receptor (OR), Adenylate cyclase type 3 (ADCY3) and Calmodulin (CALM). Genes in these categories were analysed by RT-qPCR, which revealed aspects of the pathway transformation between odor detection, and recovery and adaptation. The results provide new insight into the effects of bile salt stimulation in olfactory molecular mechanisms in fishes, and expands our knowledge of olfactory transduction, and signal generation and decline.

scholarly journals Long non-coding RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA axes in the olfactory epithelium in schizophrenia: a bioinformatics analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Sabaie ◽  
Marziyeh Mazaheri Moghaddam ◽  
Madiheh Mazaheri Moghaddam ◽  
Nazanin Amirinejad ◽  
Mohammad Reza Asadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Microarray Dataset ◽  
Gene Expression Omnibus ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Rna Interaction ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

AbstractThe etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ), as a serious mental illness, is unknown. The significance of genetics in SCZ pathophysiology is yet unknown, and newly identified mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene transcription may be helpful in determining how these changes affect SCZ development and progression. In the current work, we used a bioinformatics approach to describe the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-associated competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) samples in order to better understand the molecular regulatory processes implicated in SCZ disorders in living individuals. The Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to obtain the OE microarray dataset (GSE73129) from SCZ sufferers and control subjects, which contained information about both lncRNAs and mRNAs. The limma package of R software was used to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs). RNA interaction pairs were discovered using the Human MicroRNA Disease Database, DIANA-LncBase, and miRTarBase databases. In this study, the Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to find positive correlations between DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs in the ceRNA network. Eventually, lncRNA-associated ceRNA axes were developed based on co-expression relations and DElncRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA interactions. This work found six potential DElncRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA loops in SCZ pathogenesis, including, SNTG2-AS1/hsa-miR-7-5p/SLC7A5, FLG-AS1/hsa-miR-34a-5p/FOSL1, LINC00960/hsa-miR-34a-5p/FOSL1, AQP4-AS1/hsa-miR-335-5p/FMN2, SOX2-OT/hsa-miR-24-3p/NOS3, and CASC2/hsa-miR-24-3p/NOS3. According to the findings, ceRNAs in OE might be promising research targets for studying SCZ molecular mechanisms. This could be a great opportunity to examine different aspects of neurodevelopment that may have been hampered early in SCZ patients.

scholarly journals Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842095690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Butowt ◽  
Christopher S. von Bartheld
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Sustentacular Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Taste Dysfunction

In recent months it has emerged that the novel coronavirus—responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic—causes reduction of smell and taste in a large fraction of patients. The chemosensory deficits are often the earliest, and sometimes the only signs in otherwise asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The reasons for the surprisingly early and specific chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 are now beginning to be elucidated. In this hypothesis review, we discuss implications of the recent finding that the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients differs between populations, possibly because of differences in the spike protein of different virus strains or because of differences in the host proteins that enable virus entry, thus modifying infectivity. We review recent progress in defining underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the virus-induced anosmia, with a focus on the emerging crucial role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium. We critically examine the current evidence whether and how the SARS-CoV-2 virus can follow a route from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the brain to achieve brain infection, and we discuss the prospects for using the smell and taste dysfunctions seen in COVID-19 as an early and rapid diagnostic screening tool.

Air Movement Evokes Electro-Olfactogram Oscillations in the Olfactory Epithelium and Modulates Olfactory Processing in a Slug

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1939-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iori Ito ◽  
Satoshi Watanabe ◽  
Yutaka Kirino
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Odor Concentration ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Olfactory Processing ◽  
Mechanical Dynamics

In many animals, neurons in the olfactory system have been shown to respond not only to odorants but also to air movements. However, the manner in which the mechanical dynamics of odor stimulation affect olfactory processing remains poorly understood. Using a series of flow rates and odor concentrations from clean air to high-concentration vapors, we systematically analyzed the effects of air movement and odor concentration on olfactory processing. We extracellularly recorded local field potentials and spike units from the olfactory epithelium (OE) and tentacular nerve (TN), which connects the first and second relay centers of olfactory information, in the terrestrial slug Limax marginatus. We found that clean air puffs at a flow rate of 0.18 ml/s (gentle wind), but not high-concentration odor puffs at lower flow rates, induced electro-olfactogram (EOG) oscillations in the OE with a constant frequency (2.5 Hz), regardless of the odor. Surgically isolated OE preparations also showed these EOG oscillations, indicating that the oscillations arose from the OE independently of the downstream circuits. The EOG oscillations entrained the slower spontaneous TN oscillations (1–2 Hz) to the fixed rhythm (2.5 Hz). Spontaneous and odor-evoked units were phase-locked to the TN oscillation peaks. This TN oscillation entrainment by the EOG oscillations caused stronger phase-locking, specifically TN oscillation peaks and EOG oscillation troughs. Taken together, these results suggest that when odors are carried by a gentle wind, the air movement induces EOG oscillations and modulates rhythmic spike patterning of olfactory outputs to the second olfactory relay center in Limax.

Methods for making stereoslides and -prints, with freeze-etched olfactory epithelium as example

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 704-705
Author(s):  
Bert Ph. M. Menco ◽  
Ido F. Menco ◽  
Frans L.T. Verdonk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Freezing Method ◽  
Respiratory Epithelia ◽  
Three Dimensional Presentation

Previously we presented an extensive study of the distributions of intramembranous particles of structures in apical surfaces of nasal olfactory and respiratory epithelia of the Sprague-Dawley rat. For the same structures these distributions were compared in samples which were i) chemically fixed and cryo-protected with glycerol before cryo-fixation, after excision, and ii)ultra-rapidly frozen by means of the slam-freezing method. Since a three-dimensional presentation markedly improves visualization of structural features micrographs were presented as stereopairs. Two exposures were made by tiling the sample stage of the electron microscope 6° in either direction with an eucentric goniometer. The negatives (Agfa Pan 25 Professional) were reversed with Kodak Technical Pan Film 2415 developed in D76 1:1. The prints were made from these reversed negatives. As an example tight-junctional features of an olfactory supporting cell in a region where this cell conjoined with two other cells are presented (Fig. 1).

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