Some Mechanical Properties of Lower Lip Movement During Speech Production

Phonetica ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Abbs
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lip Movement

Influences of Length and Syntactic Complexity on the Speech Motor Stability of the Fluent Speech of Adults Who Stutter

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 548-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kleinow ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Stability Characteristic ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Linguistic Complexity ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lip Movement ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speech Motor

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of utterance length and syntactic complexity on the speech motor stability of adults who stutter. Lower lip movement was recorded from 8 adults who stutter and 8 normally fluent controls. They produced a target phrase in isolation (baseline condition) and the same phrase embedded in utterances of increased length and/or increased syntactic complexity. The spatiotemporal index (STI) was used to quantify the stability of lower lip movements across multiple repetitions of the target phrase. Results indicated: (a) Adults who stutter demonstrated higher overall STI values than normally fluent adults across all experimental conditions, indicating decreased speech motor stability; (b) the speech motor stability of normally fluent adults was not affected by increasing syntactic complexity, but the speech motor stability of adults who stutter decreased when the stimuli were more complex; (c) increasing the length of the target utterance (without increasing syntactic complexity) did not affect the speech motor stability of either speaker group. These results indicate that language formulation processes may affect speech production processes and that the speech motor systems of adults who stutter may be especially susceptible to the linguistic demands required to produce a more complex utterance. The present findings, therefore, support the hypothesis that linguistic complexity is one factor that contributes to the disruptions of speech motor stability characteristic of stuttering.

Lip Movement in Patients with a History of Unilateral Cleft Lip

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel A. W. Rutjens ◽  
Paul H. M. Spauwen ◽  
Pascal H. H. M. van Lieshout
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lip Movement ◽  
Cleft Lip Repair ◽  
Palate Repair ◽  
The Stability

Objective: The influence of a repaired cleft lip on the stability of coordination between upper and lower lip in nonspeech and speech tasks was investigated. Design: First, we looked at the effects of a secondary cleft lip repair in three individuals. Second, we compared subjects with a history of repaired unilateral cleft lip and subjects with no history of cleft lip (controls). Lip coordination was measured using continuous estimates of relative phase. Participants: Subjects were nine children and adolescents with a primary unilateral cleft lip and palate repair and 4 participants without cleft matched for age across different age categories. Results: In general, the averaged relative phase angle (RPA) angle values were smaller than 180 degrees, indicating an upper lip lead for lip closure. Controls showed a tendency toward a more symmetric type of coordination (close to 180 degrees), compared with subjects with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. The controls also showed less variation in coordination between the lips. For the more complex speech tasks, a general increase in variability of the RPA values for all subjects was observed, most likely suggesting a more flexible type of coordination. Regarding the effect of a secondary cleft lip repair, only one of the three patients showed a clearly less symmetric and less stable type of coordination, compared with preoperation results. Conclusions: There appear to be differences in lip coordination between speakers without and speakers with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. Furthermore, it seems that the stability of lip coordination tends to increase with age.

scholarly journals Speech movements do not scale by orofacial structure size

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2119-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel R. Riely ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Size Scaling ◽  
Orofacial Movement ◽  
Movement Strategy ◽  
Scaling Principle

The potential role of a size-scaling principle in orofacial movements for speech was examined by using between-group (adults vs. 5-yr-old children) as well as within-group correlational analyses. Movements of the lower lip and jaw were recorded during speech production, and anthropometric measures of orofacial structures were made. Adult women produced speech movements of equal amplitude and velocity to those of adult men. The children produced speech movement amplitudes equal to those of adults, but they had significantly lower peak velocities of orofacial movement. Thus we found no evidence supporting a size-scaling principle for orofacial speech movements. Young children have a relatively large-amplitude, low-velocity movement strategy for speech production compared with young adults. This strategy may reflect the need for more time to plan speech movement sequences and an increased reliance on sensory feedback as young children develop speech motor control processes.

Articulatory and acoustic effects of lip-plate speech in Chai and its implications for phonological theory

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-221
Author(s):  
Moges Yigezu
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Lower Incisor ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lower Incisors ◽  
Tonal System

The custom of lip-plate insertion, as practiced by the Chai people, has an effect on the speech of women since it alters articulators needed for speech production: the lower lip and the lower incisors. Due to the effect of this practice, women cannot produce bilabial and dental consonants in their own language. Vowels are also affected, but the presence of the lip-plate does not affect the tonal system. This study further examines ways in which the lower lip and lower incisor mutilations are compensated for, and the acoustic effects involved in the ‘lip-plate speech’ as well as its implications for phonological theory.

scholarly journals Functional Outcomes of Cleft Lip Surgery. Part II: Quantification of Nasolabial Movement

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll-Ann Trotman ◽  
Julian J. Faraway ◽  
H. Wolfgang Losken ◽  
John A. van Aalst
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Lip Movement ◽  
The Asymmetry

Objective: To explore nasolabial movements in participants with repaired cleft lip and palate. Design: A parallel, three-group, nonrandomized clinical trial. Subjects: Group 1 = 31 participants with a cleft lip slated for revision surgery (revision), group 2 = 32 participants with a cleft lip who did not have surgery (nonrevision), and group 3 = 37 noncleft control participants. Methods: Three-dimensional movements were assessed using a video-based tracking system that captured movement of 38 landmarks placed at specific sites on the face during instructed maximum smile, cheek puff, lip purse, mouth opening, and natural smile. Measurements were made at two time points at least 1 week and no greater than 3 months apart. Summary measurements were generated for the magnitude of upper lip, lower lip, and lower jaw movements and the asymmetry of upper lip movement. Separate regression models were fitted to each of the summary measurements. Results: Lateral movements of the upper lip were greater than vertical movements. Relative to the noncleft group, the revision and nonrevision groups demonstrated 6% to 28% less upper lip movements, with the smiles having the most restriction in movement and greater asymmetry of upper lip movement. Having an alveolar bone graft further increased the asymmetry, while a bilateral cleft lip decreased the asymmetry. Lower jaw movement caused a small increase in upper lip movement. Conclusions: The objective measurement of movement may be used as an outcome measure for cleft lip surgery.

scholarly journals Oral Articulatory Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I. Grigos ◽  
Aviva Moss ◽  
Ying Lu
Keyword(s):  
Word Length ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Childhood Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lip Movement ◽  
Linguistic Challenges

Purpose The purpose of this research was to examine spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory control in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), children with speech delay characterized by an articulation/phonological impairment (SD), and controls with typical development (TD) during speech tasks that increased in word length. Method The participants included 33 children (11 CAS, 11 SD, and 11 TD) between 3 and 7 years of age. A motion capture system was used to track jaw, lower lip, and upper lip movement during a naming task. Movement duration, velocity, displacement, and variability were measured from accurate word productions. Results Movement variability was significantly higher in the children with CAS compared with participants in the SD and TD groups. Differences in temporal control were seen between both groups of children with speech impairment and the controls with TD during accurate word productions. As word length increased, movement duration and variability differed between the children with CAS and those with SD. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that movement variability distinguishes children with CAS from speakers with SD. Kinematic differences between the participants with CAS and those with SD suggest that these groups respond differently to linguistic challenges.

Activation of Lip Motor Units With Variations in Speech Rate and Phonetic Structure

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. McClean ◽  
John L. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Speech Rate ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Interspike Intervals ◽  
Single Motor Unit ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Single Motor Units ◽  
Lip Movement ◽  
Intraoral Pressure

The purpose of this study was to describe the activation characteristics of lip-muscle single motor units in relation to speech rate and phonetic structure. Repeated experiments were carried out on three adult subjects from whom recordings of lower lip EMG and two-dimensional displacement were obtained. Single motor unit recordings were obtained from the orbicularis oris inferior (OOI), depressor labii inferior (DLI), and mentalis (MENT) muscles. Subjects' tasks involved repeating CV syllables at 1 to 4 syllables per second (syl/sec). The distribution of interspike intervals and corresponding firing rates were obtained on 11 motor units. The firing rates of OOI and MENT motor units increased as syllable rate changed from 1 to 3 syl/sec, but firing rates tended to be equivalent at 3 and 4 syl/sec. DLI and tonic motor units showed little or no modulation in their firing rates with speech rate. Firing rate data and related observations on lip movement and EMG spike count levels suggest that distinct neuromechanical processes control lip movements at low and high speech rates. Both kinematic and EMG data support the expectation that phonetic structure has its greatest effects on lip opening compared to lip closing movements in CV syllables. OOI and MENT activation levels tended to be highest for /p/ productions compared to /w/ and /f/. This may be related to the requirements for complete lip closure and elevated levels of intraoral pressure for production of /p/.

Lip and Jaw Motor Control during Speech: Responses to Resistive Loading of the Jaw

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
James H. Abbs
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Motor Reorganization ◽  
Resistive Loading ◽  
Medial Pterygoid ◽  
On Line ◽  
Resistive Loads

Resistive loads were applied to the jaw during speech production. Loads were initiated during the jaw closing movement associated with the production of bilabial stops, creating a situation in which bilabial closure would be disrupted if motor control were independent of peripheral feedback. Three subjects were observed during control and experimental conditions. In all utterances in which a load was appropriately introduced, closure of the lips was achieved and the bilabial stop was adequately produced. To assess the nature of this control, displacement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, in the inferior-superior dimension, were recorded along with EMG from medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris superior muscles. Based on observation of these variables, it appears that the muscles of the lips and jaw are capable of on-line compensatory motor reorganization.

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