Molar Crown and Root Size Relationship in Anthropoid Primates

2009 ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelius Kupczik ◽  
Anthony J. Olejniczak ◽  
Matthew M. Skinner ◽  
Jean-Jacques Hublin
Keyword(s):  
Size Relationship ◽  
Anthropoid Primates ◽  
Root Size

scholarly journals Inhibitory interneurons of the human prefrontal cortex display conserved evolution of the phenotype and related genes

2009 ◽  
Vol 277 (1684) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chet C. Sherwood ◽  
Mary Ann Raghanti ◽  
Cheryl D. Stimpson ◽  
Muhammad A. Spocter ◽  
Monica Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Inhibitory Circuitry ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Anthropoid Primates ◽  
And Migration

Inhibitory interneurons participate in local processing circuits, playing a central role in executive cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Although humans differ from other primates in a number of cognitive domains, it is not currently known whether the interneuron system has changed in the course of primate evolution leading to our species. In this study, we examined the distribution of different interneuron subtypes in the prefrontal cortex of anthropoid primates as revealed by immunohistochemistry against the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin. In addition, we tested whether genes involved in the specification, differentiation and migration of interneurons show evidence of positive selection in the evolution of humans. Our findings demonstrate that cellular distributions of interneuron subtypes in human prefrontal cortex are similar to other anthropoid primates and can be explained by general scaling rules. Furthermore, genes underlying interneuron development are highly conserved at the amino acid level in primate evolution. Taken together, these results suggest that the prefrontal cortex in humans retains a similar inhibitory circuitry to that in closely related primates, even though it performs functional operations that are unique to our species. Thus, it is likely that other significant modifications to the connectivity and molecular biology of the prefrontal cortex were overlaid on this conserved interneuron architecture in the course of human evolution.

CONSTRAINTS ON THE ADULT-OFFSPRING SIZE RELATIONSHIP IN PROTISTS

Evolution ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3537-3544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Caval-Holme ◽  
Jonathan Payne ◽  
Jan M. Skotheim
Keyword(s):  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Size Relationship

scholarly journals 108 SEX DIFFERENCES IN AORTIC ROOT SIZE IN CHILDREN BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 381-381
Author(s):  
Lily George ◽  
James W Mathewson ◽  
Anthony A Demaria ◽  
Dean T Mason ◽  
Eli Gold
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Aortic Root ◽  
Root Size

The effects of grazing on the phosphorus requirement of an annual pasture

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
KMW Howes
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Root Size

The applied phosphorus requirement of a pasture sown to subterranean clover was measured with and without grazing. Under moderate grazing pressure, in the year of establishment, the pasture required about 50 % more phosphorus than when ungrazed. In the following season, at a higher stocking rate, the grazed areas needed twice as much phosphorus as the ungrazed to make 90% of their maximum growth. In both years this difference in requirement between stocked and unstocked treatments was present throughout the growing season. Increased phosphorus requirement under grazing is associated with the need for greater uptake of phosphorus under conditions where redistribution of absorbed phosphorus within the plant is prevented by defoliation. It does not appear to be due to effects of defoliation on root size. Nor does it depend on differential light interception or on changes in botanical composition.

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