CONSTRAINTS ON THE ADULT-OFFSPRING SIZE RELATIONSHIP IN PROTISTS

Evolution ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3537-3544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Caval-Holme ◽  
Jonathan Payne ◽  
Jan M. Skotheim
Keyword(s):  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Size Relationship

Elevated nest predation risk promotes offspring size variation in birds with prolonged parental care.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Natural Predation ◽  
Risk Spreading

Predation of offspring is the main cause of reproductive failure in many species, and the mere fear of offspring predation shapes reproductive strategies. Yet, natural predation risk is ubiquitously variable and can be unpredictable. Consequently, the perceived prospect of predation early in a reproductive cycle may not reflect the actual risk to ensuing offspring. An increased variance in investment across offspring has been linked to breeding in unpredictable environments in several taxa, but has so far been overlooked as a maternal response to temporal variation in predation risk. Here, we experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation prior to egg-laying in seven bird species. Species with prolonged parent-offspring associations increased their intra-brood variation in egg, and subsequently offspring, size. High risk to offspring early in a reproductive cycle can favour a risk-spreading strategy particularly in species with the greatest opportunity to even out offspring quality after fledging.

Maternal high fat diet (HFD) in the adult offspring brain modifies cell density and neuronal density

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Ojeda Pedraza ◽  
Kate Jane-Coupe ◽  
Megan Earl ◽  
Oliver Hutton ◽  
Judith Eckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Neuronal Density

Offspring size as an index of habitat degradation

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. WARKENTIN ◽  
J. Michael REED ◽  
Susie M. DUNHAM
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Offspring Size

1774-P: Maternal Apical Periodontitis Promotes Insulin Resistance in Adult Offspring

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1774-P
Author(s):  
THAÍS V. TSOSURA ◽  
FERNANDO Y. CHIBA ◽  
MARIA S. MATTERA ◽  
RENATO F. PEREIRA ◽  
CLÉA A. GARBIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Adult Offspring

Prenatal Pregabalin Exposure Alters Postnatal Pain Sensitivity and Some Behavioral Responses in Adult Offspring Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Manzumeh-Shamsi Meymandi ◽  
Gholamreza Sepehri ◽  
Amirhossein Moslemizadeh ◽  
Seyyed Sajjad Vakili Shahrbabaki
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Sucrose Preference ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Plate Test

Background: Prenatal antiepileptic drug exposure could demonstrate both congenital malformations and behavioral impairments in offspring. Objective: This study was performed to assess the effects of prenatal exposure to pregabalin (PGB) on pain response, anxiety, motor activity and some behavior of adult offspring rats. Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats received PGB (7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/ip) during embryonic days 9.5- 15.5. The pain response, anxiety-like behaviors, locomotor activity, motor balance and coordination and anhedonia of adult offspring were examined by tail-flick and hot plate test, open field test, elevated plus maze (EPM), beam balance test and sucrose preference test in their 60th day of life, respectively. Results: Prenatal exposure to PGB revealed significant dose-dependent reduction in pain sensitivity (increase in pain latency response) in the hot plate test, especially in females, while anxiety-like behavior assessed in EPM and open field significantly reduced in males. In the open field, locomotor activity reduced significantly after exposure to PGB 30 mg/kg and motor coordination decreased dose-dependently, especially in males. Anhedonia, as an indication of sucrose preference or pleasure response, was not changed. Conclusion: These findings suggest that prenatal PGB exposure could be associated with significant changes in pain response, anxiety, locomotor activity and coordination in adult offspring rats.

scholarly journals Postnatal Smoke Exposure Further Increases the Hepatic Nicotine Metabolism in Prenatally Smoke Exposed Male Offspring and Is Linked with Aberrant Cyp2a5 Methylation

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Khosbayar Lkhagvadorj ◽  
Zhijun Zeng ◽  
Karolin F. Meyer ◽  
Laura P. Verweij ◽  
Wierd Kooistra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Nicotine Metabolism

Prenatal smoke exposure (PreSE) is a risk factor for nicotine dependence, which is further enhanced by postnatal smoke exposure (PostSE). One susceptibility gene to nicotine dependence is Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of nicotine to cotinine in the liver. Higher CYP2A6 activity is associated with nicotine dependence and could be regulated through DNA methylation. In this study we investigated whether PostSE further impaired PreSE-induced effects on nicotine metabolism, along with Cyp2a5, orthologue of CYP2A6, mRNA expression and DNA methylation. Using a mouse model where prenatally smoke-exposed adult offspring were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months, enzyme activity, mRNA levels, and promoter methylation of hepatic Cyp2a5 were evaluated. We found that in male offspring, PostSE increased PreSE-induced cotinine levels and Cyp2a5 mRNA expression. In addition, both PostSE and PreSE changed Cyp2a5 DNA methylation in male groups. PreSE however decreased cotinine levels whereas it had no effect on Cyp2a5 mRNA expression or methylation. These adverse outcomes of PreSE and PostSE were most prominent in males. When considered in the context of the human health aspects, the combined effect of prenatal and adolescent smoke exposure could lead to an accelerated risk for nicotine dependence later in life.

High-caloric or isocaloric maternal high-fat diets differently affect young-adult offspring behavior in anxiety-related tests and offspring sensitivity to acute fluoxetine

2021 ◽  
Vol 403 ◽  
pp. 113141
Author(s):  
Carolina Cadete Lucena Cavalcanti ◽  
Raquel Da Silva Aragão ◽  
Erika Vanesa Cadena-Burbano ◽  
Thaynan Raquel dos Prazeres Oliveira ◽  
Jacqueline Maria Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets
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