Capillaries in the rete mirabile and in the gas gland of the swim bladder in fishes, Perca fluviatilis L. and Misgurnus fossilis L.

1971 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jasiński ◽  
W. Kilarski
Keyword(s):  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Misgurnus Fossilis

scholarly journals The Active Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide into the Swim-Bladder of Fish

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. KUHN ◽  
E. MARTI
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Good Agreement

The active transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the swim-bladder of fish is discussed. The rete mirabile is a capillary network which is involved in the gas secretion into the bladder. The rete is regarded as a counter-current multiplier. Lactic acid which is produced in the gas gland generates in the rete single concentrating effects for oxygen and carbon dioxide; i.e., for equal partial pressures the concentrations of the gases in the afferent rete capillaries are higher than those in the efferent ones. The single concentrating effects were calculated from measurements of sea robin blood (Root, 1931). The multiplication of these effects within the rete for different rete lengths and different transport rates was numerically evaluated. The calculated O2 and CO2 pressures in the bladder are in good agreement with the experimental results of Scholander and van Dam (1953). The descent velocities at equilibrium between bladder pressure and hydrostatic pressure are discussed for fishes with different rete lengths.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF MULTIVESICULAR BODIES FROM THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wincenty Kilarski ◽  
Andrzej Jasiński
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Active Proliferation

Cells of the gas gland of the perch Perca fluviatilis L., stimulated to increased generation of gas by the repeated emptying of the swim-bladder, were examined in the electron microscope. Intense activity of the nuclear envelope was demonstrated. Simple vesicles originating from the external nuclear membrane and the so-called multivesicular bodies derived from the outpocketings of both membranes of the nuclear envelope were observed. The multivesicular bodies were filled with numerous fine vesiculae arising from the active proliferation of their internal membrane. The authors offer two alternative mechanisms of formation of fine vesiculae inside the multivesicular bodies and the mechanism of the tearing away of these bodies from the nuclear envelope.

scholarly journals ROLES OF BUFFERING CAPACITY AND PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN THE GAS GLAND OF THE GULF TOADFISH OPSANUS BETA

1993 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Walsh ◽  
C. L. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Oxygen Radical ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland

The teleost gas gland is truly remarkable in its abilities to secrete gases into the swim bladder of physoclistous fish. The physiological and metabolic adaptations of this tissue have been elegantly summarized in a recent review article by Pelster and Scheid (1992). There are two key contributors to the function of the gland. First, a specialized metabolism of the swim bladder, involving copious and simultaneous production of lactate and CO2 from anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt), respectively, contributes to gas exchange through pH and salting-out effects on the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Second, a countercurrent multiplier system (i.e. a rete mirabile) enables gas tensions to be elevated further by back diffusion. Several features of metabolism and acid-base physiology remain unclear. First, despite the remarkable ability of this tissue to produce acid, it is not clear if or how intracellular pH (pHi) is regulated. Since ultimately the blood must be acidified, one would predict that the pHi of the tissue would be well regulated via high rates of membrane exchange of protons and/or high tissue buffering capacity. Second, although the functioning of the pentose phosphate pathway has been strongly inferred from measurements of enzyme activities (Bostrom et al. 1972; Pelster and Scheid, 1991), and from measurements of enhanced rates of CO2 excretion relative to the rates of oxygen uptake (Pelster et al. 1989), direct evidence for the existence of the shunt is lacking. Lastly, although the pentose phosphate pathway is expected to produce CO2, and thus contribute to the acidification of blood entering the gland, the pathway may have a different primary, or perhaps a dual, role, namely to maintain high tissue levels of NADPH for protection against oxygen radical damage to cells (Pelster and Scheid, 1992). The composition of the gas stored in the swim bladder can approach pure oxygen in some species, so it is not surprising that the teleost gas gland contains substantial levels of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which scavenge deleterious radicals of oxygen and related harmful compounds (Morris and Albright, 1984). Noteworthy is glutathione peroxidase, which requires a constant supply of NADPH (presumably from the shunt) to maintain glutathione in a reduced state. Reduced glutathione is then used in a variety of oxygen radical detoxification mechanisms. If the pentose phosphate pathway has a role in oxygen detoxification, one would predict that flux rates through the pathway would increase with increased oxygen levels.

Structure of an air-breathing organ and the swim bladder in the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Respiratory Organ ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Muscularis Externa

Specimens of the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean, were examined for an air-breathing organ. The swim bladder is modified for gas secretion, with rete mirabile and gas gland. However, the swim bladder lacks epithelial capillaries, as found in the mudminnows (Umbra). Further examination of the digestive tract has shown that the oesophagus is modified as an accessory respiratory organ. There is a sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach. Blood supply is from a branch of the coeliac artery, and venous blood from the oesophagus enters the anterior sections of the postcardinal veins. The blood vessels extend to the oesophageal epithelium, with an extensive arrangement of epithelial capillaries in the respiratory section of the oesophagus. The muscularis externa of the oesophagus is well developed, consisting of an outer transverse layer of striated muscle and inner longitudinal muscle bundles.

scholarly journals The Secretion of Oxygen into the Swim-bladder of Fish

1961 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Wittenberg ◽  
Beatrice A. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oxygen Carrier ◽  
Back Diffusion ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Opsanus Tau ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Fixed Proportion ◽  
Cellular Oxygen ◽  
Gas Gland

Toadfish, Opsanus tau, L., were maintained in sea water equilibrated with gas mixtures containing a fixed proportion of oxygen and varying proportions of carbon monoxide. The swim-bladder was emptied by puncture, and, after an interval of 24 or 48 hours, the newly secreted gases were withdrawn and analyzed. Both carbon monoxide and oxygen are accumulated in the swim-bladder at tensions greater than ambient. The ratio of concentrations, carbon monoxide (secreted): carbon monoxide (administered) bears a constant relation to the ratio, oxygen (secreted): oxygen (administered). The value of the partition coefficient describing this relation is (α = 5.44). The two gases are considered to compete for a common intracellular carrier mediating their active transport. The suggestion is advanced that the intracellular oxygen carrier is a hemoglobin. Comparison of the proportions of carboxy- and oxyhemoglobin in the blood with the composition of the secreted gas proves that the secreted gases are not evolved directly from combination with blood hemoglobin. The suggestion is advanced that cellular oxygen secretion occurs in the rete mirabile: the rete may build up large oxygen tensions in the gas gland capillaries. It is suggested that the gas gland acts as a valve impeding back diffusion of gases from the swim-bladder.

scholarly journals The Secretion of Oxygen into the Swim-Bladder of Fish

1964 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Wittenberg ◽  
Mary J. Schwend ◽  
Beatrice A. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Countercurrent Exchange ◽  
Gas Gland

The secretion of carbon dioxide accompanying the secretion of oxygen into the swim-bladder of the bluefish is examined in order to distinguish among several theories which have been proposed to describe the operation of the rete mirabile, a vascular countercurrent exchange organ. Carbon dioxide may comprise 27 per cent of the gas secreted, corresponding to a partial pressure of 275 mm Hg. This is greater than the partial pressure that would be generated by acidifying arterial blood (about 55 mm Hg). The rate of secretion is very much greater than the probable rate of metabolic formation of carbon dioxide in the gas-secreting complex. It is approximately equivalent to the probable rate of glycolytic generation of lactic acid in the gas gland. It is concluded that carbon dioxide brought into the swim-bladder is liberated from blood by the addition of lactic acid. The rete mirabile must act to multiply the primary partial pressure of carbon dioxide produced by acidification of the blood. The function of the rete mirabile as a countercurrent multiplier has been proposed by Kuhn, W., Ramel, A., Kuhn, H. J., and Marti, E., Experientia, 1963, 19, 497. Our findings provide strong support for their theory. The unique structure of the gas-secreting complex of the swim-bladder of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., is described.

Fish as diet component of Black Stork (Сiconia nigra) in places of its regular feeding

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Roman А. ◽  
Franchuk M. ◽  
Bokotey А. ◽  
Dzyubenko N.
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Hydrochemical Parameters ◽  
European Perch ◽  
Scardinius Erythrophthalmus ◽  
Black Stork ◽  
Fish Species Composition ◽  
Misgurnus Fossilis

Fish species composition and state of fish populations in places of Black Stork regular feeding on the territory of Rivne Nature Reserve were studied. In total, 13 localities were studied and 8 species of fish belonging to 5 families were found (Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Leucaspius delineates, Gobio gobio, Cyprinus carpio, Misgurnus fossilis, Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilis, Perccottus glenii). The most common among them are Weatherfish and Northern Pike (found at 50% of locations). Also, European Perch and Chinese Sleeper (detected at 30% of locations). Hydrological conditions of water bodies in places of Black Stork foraging are very unstable because of big water level fluctuations, and because of periodical drying out in summer and total freezing in winter. The mentioned reasons cause changes of hydrochemical parameters and, therefore, fluctuations in fish species richness and numbers. Only the most insensitive species can survive – Weatherfish and Chinese Sleeper.

The Structure and Function of the Gas Bladder in Argentina silus

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (45) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
RAGNAR FÄNGE
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Gland Tissue ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Function

Anatomical and histological observations were made on the gas bladder of the softrayed marine salmonoid fish Argentina silus, which usually lives at depths of about 200 m. The gas bladder is completely closed but rather unlike other known types of closed gas bladders. It is composed of three tissue layers, which may conveniently be called mucosa, submucosa, and tunica externa. The latter contains a large amount of guanine. The tunica externa is penetrated by numerous blood-vessels, which form a widely distributed rete mirabile of a peculiar ‘bi-dimensional’ type in the submucosa. All vessels reaching the mucosa seem to come from this rete system, and no special ‘resorbent mucosa’ such as occurs in euphysoclistae could be identified. The mucosa is folded, forming an alveolar-like structure of unknown function. The gas gland layer is separated from the lumen of the bladder by smooth muscles and an inner epithelium. The close anatomical association of the gas gland tissue with smooth muscles probably is of importance for gas secretion. Analyses of gases from specimens taken from a depth of about 80 m showed a mean oxygen value of almost 80%, which indicates a similar gas secretory mechanism to that in euphysoclistae. Certain aspects of the physiology of the gas bladder in relation to life in deep water are shortly discussed, and the need for a thorough histological examination of the gas bladder in deep-water salmonids is emphasized.

Swim bladder gas gland cells produce surfactant: in vivo and in culture

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. R2336-R2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prem ◽  
W. Salvenmoser ◽  
J. Würtz ◽  
B. Pelster
Keyword(s):  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Gas Gland

Electron microscopical examination of gas gland cells of the physostome European eel ( Anguilla anguilla) and of the physoclist perch ( Perca fluviatilis) revealed the presence of significant numbers of lamellar bodies, which are known to be involved in surfactant secretion. In the perch, in which the gas gland is a compact structure and gas gland cells are connected to the swim bladder lumen via small canals, lamellar bodies were also found in flattened cells forming the swim bladder epithelium. Flat epithelial cells are absent in the eel swim bladder, in which the whole epithelium consists of cuboidal gas gland cells. In both species, Western blot analysis using specific antibodies to human surfactant protein A (SP-A) showed a cross-reaction with swim bladder tissue homogenate proteins of ∼65 kDa and in the eel occasionally of ∼120 kDa, probably representing SP-A-like proteins in a dimeric and a tetrameric state. An additional band was observed at ∼45 kDa. Western blots using antibodies to rat SP-D again resulted in a single band at ∼45 kDa in both species, suggesting that there might be a cross-reaction of the antibody to human SP-A with an SP-D-like protein of the swim bladder tissue. To localize the surfactant protein, eel gas gland cells were cultured on permeable supports. Under these conditions, the gas gland cells regain their characteristic polarity. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of lamellar bodies in cultured cells, and occasionally, exocytotic events were observed. Immunohistochemical staining using an antibody to human SP-A demonstrated the presence of surfactant protein only in luminal membranes and in adjacent lateral membranes. Only occasionally, evidence was found for the presence of surfactant protein in lamellar bodies.

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