scholarly journals The Secretion of Oxygen into the Swim-Bladder of Fish

1964 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Wittenberg ◽  
Mary J. Schwend ◽  
Beatrice A. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Countercurrent Exchange ◽  
Gas Gland

The secretion of carbon dioxide accompanying the secretion of oxygen into the swim-bladder of the bluefish is examined in order to distinguish among several theories which have been proposed to describe the operation of the rete mirabile, a vascular countercurrent exchange organ. Carbon dioxide may comprise 27 per cent of the gas secreted, corresponding to a partial pressure of 275 mm Hg. This is greater than the partial pressure that would be generated by acidifying arterial blood (about 55 mm Hg). The rate of secretion is very much greater than the probable rate of metabolic formation of carbon dioxide in the gas-secreting complex. It is approximately equivalent to the probable rate of glycolytic generation of lactic acid in the gas gland. It is concluded that carbon dioxide brought into the swim-bladder is liberated from blood by the addition of lactic acid. The rete mirabile must act to multiply the primary partial pressure of carbon dioxide produced by acidification of the blood. The function of the rete mirabile as a countercurrent multiplier has been proposed by Kuhn, W., Ramel, A., Kuhn, H. J., and Marti, E., Experientia, 1963, 19, 497. Our findings provide strong support for their theory. The unique structure of the gas-secreting complex of the swim-bladder of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., is described.

scholarly journals The Active Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide into the Swim-Bladder of Fish

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. KUHN ◽  
E. MARTI
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Good Agreement

The active transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the swim-bladder of fish is discussed. The rete mirabile is a capillary network which is involved in the gas secretion into the bladder. The rete is regarded as a counter-current multiplier. Lactic acid which is produced in the gas gland generates in the rete single concentrating effects for oxygen and carbon dioxide; i.e., for equal partial pressures the concentrations of the gases in the afferent rete capillaries are higher than those in the efferent ones. The single concentrating effects were calculated from measurements of sea robin blood (Root, 1931). The multiplication of these effects within the rete for different rete lengths and different transport rates was numerically evaluated. The calculated O2 and CO2 pressures in the bladder are in good agreement with the experimental results of Scholander and van Dam (1953). The descent velocities at equilibrium between bladder pressure and hydrostatic pressure are discussed for fishes with different rete lengths.

scholarly journals Analysis of Arterial Blood Gas Values Based on Storage Time Since Sampling: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521
Author(s):  
Alejandro Montero-Salinas ◽  
Marta Pérez-Ramos ◽  
Fernando Toba-Alonso ◽  
Leticia Quintana-DelRío ◽  
Jorge Suanzes-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Aim. To evaluate the influence of time on arterial blood gas values after artery puncture is performed. Method. Prospective longitudinal observational study carried out with gasometric samples from 86 patients, taken at different time intervals (0 (T0), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) min), from 21 October 2019 to 21 October 2020. The study variables were: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, potassium, lactic acid, pH, partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of oxygen, sodium and glucose. Results. The initial sample consisted of a total of 90 patients. Out of all the participants, four were discarded as they did not understand the purpose of the study; therefore, the total number of participants was 86, 51% of whom were men aged 72.59 on average (SD: 16.23). In the intra-group analysis, differences in PCO2, HCO3, hematocrit, Hb, K+ and and lactic acid were observed between the initial time of the test and the 15, 30 and 60 min intervals. In addition, changes in pH, pO2, SO2, Na and glucose were noted 30 min after the initial sample had been taken. Conclusions. The variation in the values, despite being significant, has no clinical relevance. Consequently, the recommendation continues to be the analysis of the GSA at the earliest point to ensure the highest reliability of the data and to provide the patient with the most appropriate treatment based on those results.

Feasıbılıty of Transcutaneous Method for Carbon Dıoxıde Monıtorıng in an Intensive Care Unıt

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazlıhan Boyacı ◽  
Sariyya Mammadova ◽  
Nurgül Naurizbay ◽  
Merve Güleryüz ◽  
Kamil İnci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PtCO2) monitorization provides a continuous and non-invasive measurement of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). In addition, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) can also be measured and followed by this method. However, data regarding the correlation between PtCO2 and arterial pCO2 (PaCO2) measurements acquired from peripheric arterial blood gas is controversial. Objective: We aimed to determine the reliability of PtCO2 with PaCO2 based on its advantages, like non-invasiveness and continuous applicability. Methods: Thirty-five adult patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure admitted to our tertiary medical intensive care unit (ICU) were included. Then we compared PtCO2 and PaCO2 and both SpO2 measurements simultaneously. Thirty measurements from the deltoid zone and 26 measurements from the cheek zone were applied. Results: PtCO2 could not be measured from the deltoid region in 5 (14%) patients. SpO2 and pulse rate could not be detected at 8 (26.7%) of the deltoid zone measurements. Correlation coefficients between PtCO2 and PaCO2 from deltoid and the cheek region were r: 0,915 and r: 0,946 (p = 0,0001). In comparison with the Bland-Altman test, difference in deltoid measurements was -1,38 ± 1,18 mmHg (p = 0.252) and in cheek measurements it was -5,12 ± 0,92 mmHg (p = 0,0001). There was no statistically significant difference between SpO2 measurements in each region. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PtCO2 and SpO2 measurements from the deltoid region are reliable compared to the arterial blood gas analysis in hypercapnic ICU patients. More randomized controlled studies investigating the effects of different measurement areas, hemodynamic parameters, and hemoglobin levels are needed.

GAS EXCHANGES AND BLOOD GAS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE FORG RANA RIDIBUNDA

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 901-908
Author(s):  
M. G. EMíLIO
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Metabolic Carbon

1. The respiratory exchanges through the lungs and skin of frogs and the time courses of blood gas concentrations were studied during emergence and diving periods. 2. Most of the total oxygen uptake is carried out through the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood falls to very low levels a few minutes after diving, showing that the cutaneous respiratory surface cannot compensate for the lack of lung respiration. 3. Most of the metabolic carbon dioxide is disposed of through the skin. Although the skin output is maintained through diving periods, there is an important rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood following submergence. However, the total concentration of CO2 in the blood decreases, as does the blood pH value. 4. This phenomenon is probably the result of a metabolic acidosis due to the switching on of anaerobic processes during diving periods.

Gas Exchange

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Kreit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood ◽  
And Diffusion

Gas Exchange explains how four processes—delivery of oxygen, excretion of carbon dioxide, matching of ventilation and perfusion, and diffusion—allow the respiratory system to maintain normal partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the arterial blood. Partial pressure is important because O2 and CO2 molecules diffuse between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood and between systemic capillary blood and the tissues along their partial pressure gradients, and diffusion continues until the partial pressures are equal. Ventilation is an essential part of gas exchange because it delivers O2, eliminates CO2, and determines ventilation–perfusion ratios. This chapter also explains how and why abnormalities in each of these processes may reduce PaO2, increase PaCO2, or both.

scholarly journals Changes of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Arterial Blood (PaCO2) and Respiratory Rate (RR) in Pregnant Women

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (Number 1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
D K Sunyal ◽  
Md. R Amin ◽  
MH Md. R ◽  
GM Kibria ◽  
G M Molla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of

In the present study the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaC0:1 and respiratory rate (RR) were studied in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Dhaka city. Far this purpose a total 32 women for PaCO)and 100 women for RR with age ranging front 25 ...ears le 35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected. Normal pregnant women were taken as e.yperimental group and healthy nor-pregnant ...omen as return!. Data was collected during first trimester. second trimester and third trimester in pregnant women and also nompregnant women. The PaCOrwas determined by using 'EASY BLOOD GAS .0TO INALMER" and RR was recorded. The PaCO, and RR during different trimesters of pregnant .rumen were compared with that of non-pregnant 11.1101. Statistical analysis was drum with .tudents '1' rest. The PeCOr was significantly lower in first trimester, second trimester and third (rimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. Similarly, RR was significantly higher in first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women than that of nonpregnant women. Again RR was significantly higher in third trimester than in first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PaCO, among first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women. Similarly, there were no statistically significant difference of RR between first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. It may be concluded from the study that the progressively decreased PaCO• and increased RR throughout Me pregnancy were most likely MP be related to the effect of progesterone-induced hyperventilation. Hypermfilation in pregnancy is due to hypersensitivity of respiratory centre. Due to hyperventilation there is expel out of CO, miming decrease in PaC0r and increase in RR during pregnancy.

scholarly journals ROLES OF BUFFERING CAPACITY AND PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN THE GAS GLAND OF THE GULF TOADFISH OPSANUS BETA

1993 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Walsh ◽  
C. L. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Oxygen Radical ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland

The teleost gas gland is truly remarkable in its abilities to secrete gases into the swim bladder of physoclistous fish. The physiological and metabolic adaptations of this tissue have been elegantly summarized in a recent review article by Pelster and Scheid (1992). There are two key contributors to the function of the gland. First, a specialized metabolism of the swim bladder, involving copious and simultaneous production of lactate and CO2 from anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt), respectively, contributes to gas exchange through pH and salting-out effects on the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Second, a countercurrent multiplier system (i.e. a rete mirabile) enables gas tensions to be elevated further by back diffusion. Several features of metabolism and acid-base physiology remain unclear. First, despite the remarkable ability of this tissue to produce acid, it is not clear if or how intracellular pH (pHi) is regulated. Since ultimately the blood must be acidified, one would predict that the pHi of the tissue would be well regulated via high rates of membrane exchange of protons and/or high tissue buffering capacity. Second, although the functioning of the pentose phosphate pathway has been strongly inferred from measurements of enzyme activities (Bostrom et al. 1972; Pelster and Scheid, 1991), and from measurements of enhanced rates of CO2 excretion relative to the rates of oxygen uptake (Pelster et al. 1989), direct evidence for the existence of the shunt is lacking. Lastly, although the pentose phosphate pathway is expected to produce CO2, and thus contribute to the acidification of blood entering the gland, the pathway may have a different primary, or perhaps a dual, role, namely to maintain high tissue levels of NADPH for protection against oxygen radical damage to cells (Pelster and Scheid, 1992). The composition of the gas stored in the swim bladder can approach pure oxygen in some species, so it is not surprising that the teleost gas gland contains substantial levels of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which scavenge deleterious radicals of oxygen and related harmful compounds (Morris and Albright, 1984). Noteworthy is glutathione peroxidase, which requires a constant supply of NADPH (presumably from the shunt) to maintain glutathione in a reduced state. Reduced glutathione is then used in a variety of oxygen radical detoxification mechanisms. If the pentose phosphate pathway has a role in oxygen detoxification, one would predict that flux rates through the pathway would increase with increased oxygen levels.

Structure of an air-breathing organ and the swim bladder in the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Respiratory Organ ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Muscularis Externa

Specimens of the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean, were examined for an air-breathing organ. The swim bladder is modified for gas secretion, with rete mirabile and gas gland. However, the swim bladder lacks epithelial capillaries, as found in the mudminnows (Umbra). Further examination of the digestive tract has shown that the oesophagus is modified as an accessory respiratory organ. There is a sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach. Blood supply is from a branch of the coeliac artery, and venous blood from the oesophagus enters the anterior sections of the postcardinal veins. The blood vessels extend to the oesophageal epithelium, with an extensive arrangement of epithelial capillaries in the respiratory section of the oesophagus. The muscularis externa of the oesophagus is well developed, consisting of an outer transverse layer of striated muscle and inner longitudinal muscle bundles.

scholarly journals Selected Arterial Blood Gasometry Parameters as Indicators of Blood Transfusion Effectiveness in Foals with Haemolytic Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-471
Author(s):  
Artur Stopyra ◽  
Anna Snarska
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Haemolytic Disease ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Ph Increase

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the suitability of basic haematological, biochemical, and gasometric tests in checking the effectiveness of transfusion therapy in foals during isoerythrolysis. The number of red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood pH was determined immediately before and several times after blood transfusion. The concentration of serum free bilirubin was also measured to confirm haemolysis. Fluids (0.9% NaCl, multielectrolytic fluid, 5% glucose) and antibiotics (penicillin, amikacin) were provided to the foals. The lowest values of haematological parameters were observed before transfusion. This was accompanied by decreased partial pressure of oxygen, low pH, and increased arterial carbon dioxide tension. Transfusion of whole blood led to a gradual normalisation of the haematological parameters, also accompanied by the normalisation of gasometric indicators (decrease in pCO2 and pO2 and pH increase). Monitoring of selected haematological and gasometric parameters allows to evaluate the efficacy of blood transfusion during treatment of haemolytic disease of foals.

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