scholarly journals Parallel Information Processing in Motor Systems: Intracerebral Recordings of Readiness Potential and CNV in Human Subjects

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Rektor
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Readiness Potential ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Depth Electrodes ◽  
Simultaneous Activation

We performed intracerebral recordings of Readiness Potential (RP) and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) with simple repetitive distal limb movement in candidates for epilepsy surgery. In 26 patients (in Paris), depth electrodes were located in various cortical structures; in eight patients (in Brno), in the basal ganglia and the cortex. RPs were displayed in the conteral primary motor cortex, conteral somato-sensory cortex, and bilaterally in the SMA and the caudal part of the anterior cingulate cortices. CNVs were recorded in the same cortical regiom as the RP, as well as in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex, and bilaterally in the premotor fronto-lateral, parietal superior, and middle temporal regions. In the basal ganglia, the RP was recorded in the putamen in six of seven patients, and in the head of the caudate nucleus and the pallidum in the only patient with electrodes in these recording sites. We suggest that our results are consistent with a long-lasting, simultaneous activation of cortical and subcortical structures, before and during self-paced and stimulus-triggered movements. The particular regiom that are simultaneously active may be determined by the task context.

Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interceptin of Moving Targets.

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daeyeol Lee ◽  
Nicholas L. Port ◽  
Wolfgang Kruse ◽  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Single Cell Activity ◽  
Initial Target

Two rhesus monkeys were trained to intercept a moving target at a fixed location with a feedback cursor controlled bya 2-D manipulandum. The direction from which the target appeared, the time from the target onset to its arrival at the interception point, and the target acceleration were randomized for each trial, thus requiring the animal to adjust its movement according to the visual input on a trail-by-trail basis. The two animals adopted different strategies, similar to those identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed differences in the complexity and diversity of motor cortical activity between the two animals that paralleled those of behavioral strategies. Most clusters displayed activity closedly related to the kinematics of hand movements. In addition, some clusters displayed patterns of activation that conveyed additional information necessary for successful performance of the task, such as the initial target velocity and the interval between successive submovements, suggesting that such information is represented in selective subpopulations of neurons in the primary motor cortex. These results also suggest that conversion of information about target motion into movement-related signals takes place in a broad network of cortical areas including the primary motor cortex.

scholarly journals FDG-PET patterns associated with underlying pathology in corticobasal syndrome

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. e1121-e1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Pardini ◽  
Edward D. Huey ◽  
Salvatore Spina ◽  
William C. Kreisl ◽  
Silvia Morbelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Corticobasal Degeneration ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Corticobasal Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pathologic Diagnosis ◽  
Pet Scans

ObjectiveTo evaluate brain 18Fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) differences among patients with a clinical diagnosis of corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and distinct underling primary pathologies.MethodsWe studied 29 patients with a diagnosis of CBS who underwent FDG-PET scan and postmortem neuropathologic examination. Patients were divided into subgroups on the basis of primary pathologic diagnosis: CBS-corticobasal degeneration (CBS-CBD) (14 patients), CBS-Alzheimer disease (CBS-AD) (10 patients), and CBS–progressive supranuclear palsy (CBS-PSP) (5 patients). Thirteen age-matched healthy patients who underwent FDG-PET were the control group (HC). FDG-PET scans were compared between the subgroups and the HC using SPM-12, with a threshold of pFWE < 0.05.ResultsThere were no differences in Mattis Dementia Rating Scale or finger tapping scores between CBS groups. Compared to HC, the patients with CBS presented significant hypometabolism in frontoparietal regions, including the perirolandic area, basal ganglia, and thalamus of the clinically more affected hemisphere. Patients with CBS-CBD showed a similar pattern with a more marked, bilateral involvement of the basal ganglia. Patients with CBS-AD presented with posterior, asymmetric hypometabolism, including the lateral parietal and temporal lobes and the posterior cingulate. Finally, patients with CBS-PSP disclosed a more anterior hypometabolic pattern, including the medial frontal regions and the anterior cingulate. A conjunction analysis revealed that the primary motor cortex was the only common area of hypometabolism in all groups, irrespective of pathologic diagnosis.Discussion and conclusionsIn patients with CBS, different underling pathologies are associated with different patterns of hypometabolism. Our data suggest that FDG-PET scans could help in the etiologic diagnosis of CBS.

Role of the Human Rostral Supplementary Motor Area and the Basal Ganglia in Motor Sequence Control: Investigations With H2 15O PET

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 1070-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Boecker ◽  
A. Dagher ◽  
A. O. Ceballos-Baumann ◽  
R. E. Passingham ◽  
M. Samuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Sequence Complexity

Boecker, H., A. Dagher, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, R. E. Passingham, M. Samuel, K. J. Friston, J.-B. Poline, C. Dettmers, B. Conrad, and D. J. Brooks. Role of the human rostral supplementary motor area and the basal ganglia in motor sequence control: investigations with H2 15O PET. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1070–1080, 1998. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional anatomy of distributed cortical and subcortical motor areas in the human brain that participate in the central control of overlearned complex sequential unimanual finger movements. On the basis of previous research in nonhuman primates, a principal involvement of basal ganglia (medial premotor loops) was predicted for central control of finger sequences performed automatically. In pertinent areas, a correlation of activation levels with the complexity of a motor sequence was hypothesized. H2 15O positron emission tomography (PET) was used in a group of seven healthy male volunteers [mean age 32.0 ± 10.4 yr] to determine brain regions where levels of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) correlated with graded complexity levels of five different key-press sequences. All sequences were overlearned before PET and involved key-presses of fingers II–V of the right hand. Movements of individual fingers were kept constant throughout all five conditions by external pacing at 1-Hz intervals. Positive correlations of rCBF with increasing sequence complexity were identified in the contralateral rostral supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the associated pallido-thalamic loop, as well as in right parietal area 7 and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1). In contrast, while rCBF in contralateral M1 and and extensive parts of caudal SMA was increased compared with rest during task performance, significant correlated increases of rCBF with sequence complexity were not observed. Inverse correlations of rCBF with increasing sequence complexity were identified in mesial prefrontal-, medial temporal-, and anterior cingulate areas. The findings provide further evidence in humans supporting the notion of a segregation of SMA into functionally distinct subcomponents: although pre-SMA was differentially activated depending on the complexity of a sequence of learned finger movements, such modulation was not detectable in caudal SMA (except the most antero-superior part), implicating a motor executive role. Our observations of complexity-correlated rCBF increases in anterior globus palllidus suggest a specific role for the basal ganglia in the process of sequence facilitation and control. They may act to filter and focus input from motor cortical areas as patterns of action become increasingly complex.

scholarly journals Primary motor cortex has independent representations for ipsilateral and contralateral arm movements but correlated representations for grasping

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E Downey ◽  
Kristin M Quick ◽  
Nathaniel Schwed ◽  
Jeffrey M Weiss ◽  
George F Wittenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Contralateral Movement ◽  
Contralateral Motor ◽  
Continuous Movements

AbstractMotor commands for the arms and hands generally originate in contralateral motor cortex anatomically. However, ipsilateral primary motor cortex shows activity related to arm movement despite the lack of direct connections. The extent to which the activity related to ipsilateral movement is independent from that related to contralateral movement is unclear based on conflicting conclusions in prior work. Here we present the results of bilateral arm and hand movement tasks completed by two human subjects with intracortical microelectrode arrays implanted in left primary motor cortex for a clinical brain-computer interface study. Neural activity was recorded while they attempted to perform arm and hand movements in a virtual environment. This enabled us to quantify the strength and independence of motor cortical activity related to continuous movements of each arm. We also investigated the subjects’ ability to control both arms through a brain-computer interface system. Through a number of experiments, we found that ipsilateral arm movement was represented independently of, but more weakly than, contralateral arm movement. However, the representation of grasping was correlated between the two hands. This difference between hand and arm representation was unexpected, and poses new questions about the different ways primary motor cortex controls hands and arms.

scholarly journals Methods for quantitative susceptibility and R2* mapping in whole post-mortem brains at 7T

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoyue Wang ◽  
Sean Foxley ◽  
Olaf Ansorge ◽  
Sarah Bangerter-Christensen ◽  
Mark Chiew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Proteolipid Protein ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Brain Data

AbstractSusceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to the local concentration of iron and myelin. Here, we describe a robust image processing pipeline for quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* mapping of fixed post-mortem, whole-brain data. Using this pipeline, we compare the resulting quantitative maps in brains from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and controls, with validation against iron and myelin histology.Twelve post-mortem brains were scanned with a multi-echo gradient echo sequence at 7T, from which susceptibility and R2* maps were generated. Semi-quantitative histological analysis for ferritin (the principal iron storage protein) and myelin proteolipid protein was performed in the primary motor, anterior cingulate and visual cortices.Magnetic susceptibility and R2* values in primary motor cortex were higher in ALS compared to control brains. Magnetic susceptibility and R2* showed positive correlations with both myelin and ferritin estimates from histology. Four out of nine ALS brains exhibited clearly visible hyperintense susceptibility and R2* values in the primary motor cortex.Our results demonstrate the potential for MRI-histology studies in whole, fixed post-mortem brains to investigate the biophysical source of susceptibility weighted MRI signals in neurodegenerative diseases like ALS.

Cutaneous Inputs Can Activate the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex During Bimanual Sensory-Driven Movements in Humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 3200-3209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Shibuya ◽  
Yukari Ohki
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Active Motor ◽  
Finger Forces ◽  
The Right ◽  
Transient Force

Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we examined whether sensory input from a finger affects activity of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) when human subjects hold a virtual object bimanually and whether this ipsilateral activation varies under different contexts. Subjects used both index fingers to hold two plates, which were subjected to unpredictable pulling loads from torque motors. Loads were delivered in a random sequence to either plate or concurrently to both, although the latter occurred most frequently. Finger forces vertical to the plates and surface electromyographs from the first dorsal interosseous muscles were recorded bilaterally during the task. TMS was sometimes applied over the finger area of the left M1 at variable times relative to load onset to examine cortical excitability. Strength of TMS was set around the active motor threshold of the right finger muscle while subjects waited for loading to the handheld plates. When one plate was singly loaded, the M1 contralateral to the loaded finger was activated, causing automatic force increases in the finger. In addition, the ipsilateral M1 was activated during such loading, associated with transient force increases in the contralateral nonloaded finger. Activations in the ipsilateral M1 were also observed during concurrent loading, when activations were stronger than those following single loading of the contralateral plate. Ipsilateral activations weakened when concurrent loading was less frequent. These results suggest interactions between bilateral sensorimotor cortices during bimanual coordinated movements, with strength varying by context.

scholarly journals Motor system dysfunction in the schizophrenia diathesis: Neural systems to neurotransmitters

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Abboud ◽  
C. Noronha ◽  
V.A. Diwadkar
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

AbstractMotor control is a ubiquitous aspect of human function, and from its earliest origins, abnormal motor control has been proposed as being central to schizophrenia. The neurobiological architecture of the motor system is well understood in primates and involves cortical and sub-cortical components including the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Notably all of these regions are associated in some manner to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. At the molecular scale, both dopamine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) abnormalities have been associated with working memory dysfunction, but particularly relating to the basal ganglia and the prefrontal cortex respectively. As evidence from multiple scales (behavioral, regional and molecular) converges, here we provide a synthesis of the bio-behavioral relevance of motor dysfunction in schizophrenia, and its consistency across scales. We believe that the selective compendium we provide can supplement calls arguing for renewed interest in studying the motor system in schizophrenia. We believe that in addition to being a highly relevant target for the study of schizophrenia related pathways in the brain, such focus provides tractable behavioral probes for in vivo imaging studies in the illness. Our assessment is that the motor system is a highly valuable research domain for the study of schizophrenia.

Two Neural Networks for Laughter: A Tractography Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Gerbella ◽  
C Pinardi ◽  
G Di Cesare ◽  
G Rizzolatti ◽  
F Caruana
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Temporal Pole ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
Descending Projections

Abstract Laughter is a complex motor behavior occurring in both emotional and nonemotional contexts. Here, we investigated whether the different functions of laughter are mediated by distinct networks and, if this is the case, which are the white matter tracts sustaining them. We performed a multifiber tractography investigation placing seeds in regions involved in laughter production, as identified by previous intracerebral electrical stimulation studies in humans: the pregenual anterior cingulate (pACC), ventral temporal pole (TPv), frontal operculum (FO), presupplementary motor cortex, and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAcc). The primary motor cortex (M1) and two subcortical territories were also studied to trace the descending projections. Results provided evidence for the existence of two relatively distinct networks. A first network, including pACC, TPv, and VS/NAcc, is interconnected through the anterior cingulate bundle, the accumbofrontal tract, and the uncinate fasciculus, reaching the brainstem throughout the mamillo-tegmental tract. This network is likely involved in the production of emotional laughter. A second network, anchored to FO and M1, projects to the brainstem motor nuclei through the internal capsule. It is most likely the neural basis of nonemotional and conversational laughter. The two networks interact throughout the pre-SMA that is connected to both pACC and FO.

Effects of D-Cycloserine on the Primary Motor Cortex Excitability in Healthy Human Subjects: A Paired-Pulse-Tms Protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S329-S330
Author(s):  
Shiwen Yuan ◽  
Joshua Brown ◽  
William Devries ◽  
Gregory Sahlem ◽  
Mark S. George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects
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