scholarly journals Immunization of Rats With Cholinergic Neurons Induces Behavioral Deficits

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joab Chapman ◽  
Joram Feldon ◽  
Gil Alroy ◽  
Daniel M. Michaelson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level

We have previously shown that sera from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) contain a significantly high level of antibodies to the cell bodies (Perikarya; PK) but not to the nerve terminals (synaptosomes) of purely cholinergic neurons from the electric fishTorpedo. In the present study we examined the effect of repeated immunization of rats with either of these antigens for one year. Immunoblot studies revealed that sera of cholinergic PK immunized rats contained a high level of antibodies to cholinergic PK proteins, in particular to a 200 kilodalton protein, to which there are specifically high levels of antibodies in AD. Sera from rats immunized with cholinergic synaptosomes and from control rats contained very low levels of these antibodies. Behavioral studies performed one year after the initial immunization revealed that the cholinergic PK immunized rats were impaired in spatial learning and memory tasks (Morris swim test and T-maze alternation) when compared to control rats and that the synaptosome-immunized rats showed no such deficit. In contrast, the three groups performed similarly in general activity, active avoidance and conditioned emotional response tests. Further experiments revealed that the cholinergic PK immunized rats displayed a significant deficit in short term memory. The association of antibodies to cholinergic neurons with Cognitive deficits in this rat model suggests that such antibodies may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.

Causes of Variations in Effectiveness of Bracon cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a Parasite of the Wheat Stem Sawfly

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Holmes ◽  
W. A. Nelson ◽  
L. K. Peterson ◽  
C. W. Farstad
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Early Ripening ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level

AbstractAdults of B. cephi emerged at the same time as the adults of their host, the wheat stem sawfly, and started to oviposit about mid-July. The second generation started to emerge between August 5 and 15. This generation, which was complete in some years, was apparently only partial in years in which adults of the first generation continued to oviposit late in the season. In most cases the larvae of Bracon that were present at harvest time were from eggs laid after August 1.Most of the overwintering B. cephi were located in the lower internodes of the sawfly-infested wheat stems. Although B. cephi attacked some sawfly larvae in their stubs most sawflies escaped parasitism once they had cut their host stems.High host densities per stem in hollow-stemmed wheats were detrimental to Bracon during the early part of the season as the unparasitized sawfly larvae in stems containing B. cephi destroyed the parasite larvae.The sawfly-susceptible wheats were more suitable than the resistant for parasitism. Generally, differences in parasitism between wheats and between barleys were caused by differences in length of survival of the sawfly larvae in the different host plants; longer survival led to higher parasitism.The fluctuations in amounts of parasitism mainly depended on the synchronization of development between B. cephi and the sawfly. Parasitism increased when the sawfly larvae cut their host stems sufficiently late to allow establishment by the second generation of B. cephi and decreased when the sawfly cut too early for parasitism by the second generation. The date of ripening of the host plant governs the date of cutting by the sawfly; hence, the amount of parasitism is influenced by the levels of soil moisture and temperature during the growing season, by differences in rate of development of various plant hosts, and by the date of seeding. Low levels of parasitism resulted from early ripening of the sawfly host plants in two consecutive years, whereas a moderately high level occurred even though the weather of the current year was conducive to early ripening, provided that the wheat in the preceding year had ripened late. It appears that moderate to high levels of parasitism required that the crop ripen late in at least one year out of two.

High world sugar prices: is Asia’s production cycle to blame?

2010 ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Martin Todd
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
High World

The current high world sugar prices reflect a major imbalance between global supply and demand, which has reduced stocks to very low levels. Although it remains to be seen whether prices will rise much above current values, it is clear that the supply chain will remain stretched throughout 2010 and this will help to maintain prices at a high level.

scholarly journals Automatic Labeled Dialogue Generation for Nursing Record Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Tittaya Mairittha ◽  
Nattaya Mairittha ◽  
Sozo Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Augmentation Techniques ◽  
Nursing Record ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Embedding Methods

The integration of digital voice assistants in nursing residences is becoming increasingly important to facilitate nursing productivity with documentation. A key idea behind this system is training natural language understanding (NLU) modules that enable the machine to classify the purpose of the user utterance (intent) and extract pieces of valuable information present in the utterance (entity). One of the main obstacles when creating robust NLU is the lack of sufficient labeled data, which generally relies on human labeling. This process is cost-intensive and time-consuming, particularly in the high-level nursing care domain, which requires abstract knowledge. In this paper, we propose an automatic dialogue labeling framework of NLU tasks, specifically for nursing record systems. First, we apply data augmentation techniques to create a collection of variant sample utterances. The individual evaluation result strongly shows a stratification rate, with regard to both fluency and accuracy in utterances. We also investigate the possibility of applying deep generative models for our augmented dataset. The preliminary character-based model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) obtains an accuracy of 90% and generates various reasonable texts with BLEU scores of 0.76. Secondly, we introduce an idea for intent and entity labeling by using feature embeddings and semantic similarity-based clustering. We also empirically evaluate different embedding methods for learning good representations that are most suitable to use with our data and clustering tasks. Experimental results show that fastText embeddings produce strong performances both for intent labeling and on entity labeling, which achieves an accuracy level of 0.79 and 0.78 f1-scores and 0.67 and 0.61 silhouette scores, respectively.

scholarly journals Psycho-Social Factors in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Attending a Family-Centred Prevention and Rehabilitation Programme: EUROACTION Model in Spain

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Cristina Buigues ◽  
Ana Queralt ◽  
Jose Antonio De Velasco ◽  
Antonio Salvador-Sanz ◽  
Catriona Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Illness Perceptions ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Coronary Patients ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
One Year

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) persists as the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation (CVPR) has an interdisciplinary focus, and includes not only in physiological components, but it also addresses psycho-social factors. Methods: The study analysed the Spanish psycho-social data collected during the EUROACTION study. In Spain, two hospitals were randomised in the Valencia community. Coronary patients were prospectively and consecutively identified in both hospitals. The intervention hospital carried out a 16-week CVPR programme, which aimed to assess illness perceptions and establish healthy behaviours in patients and their partners. Results: Illness perceptions were significantly and inversely associated with anxiety and depression. Low levels of anxiety were associated with better self-management of total cholesterol (p = 0.004) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = 0.004). There was concordance at one year among patients and partners who participated in the programme related to anxiety (p < 0.001), fruit consumption (p < 0.001), and vegetable consumption (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The EUROACTION study emphasised the importance of assessing psycho-social factors in a CVPR programme and the inclusion of family as support in patients’ changes in behaviour.

scholarly journals Histamine H1 receptor deletion in cholinergic neurons induces sensorimotor gating ability deficit and social impairments in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cheng ◽  
Cenglin Xu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Dadao An ◽  
Lei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
H1 Receptor ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Social Impairments ◽  
Cholinergic Projections ◽  
Functional Deficiency

AbstractNegative symptoms in schizophrenia strongly contribute to poor functional outcomes, however its pathogenesis is still unclear. Here, we found that histamine H1 receptor (H1R) expression in basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons was decreased in patients with schizophrenia having negative symptoms. Deletion of H1R gene in cholinergic neurons in mice resulted in functional deficiency of cholinergic projections from the BF to the prefrontal cortex and in the formation of sensorimotor gating deficit, social impairment and anhedonia-like behavior. These behavioral deficits can be rescued by re-expressing H1R or by chemogenetic activation of cholinergic neurons in the BF. Direct chemogenetic inhibition of BF cholinergic neurons produced such behavioral deficits and also increased the susceptibility to hyperlocomotion. Our results suggest that the H1R deficiency in BF cholinergic neurons is critical for sensorimotor gating deficit, social impairments and anhedonia-like behavior. This finding may help to understand the genetic and biochemical bases of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Testing Todd: family types and development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jerg Gutmann ◽  
Stefan Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

Abstract Many years ago, Emmanuel Todd came up with a classification of family types and argued that the historically prevalent family types in a society have important consequences for its economic, political, and social development. Here, we evaluate Todd's most important predictions empirically. Relying on a parsimonious model with exogenous covariates, we find mixed results. On the one hand, authoritarian family types are, in stark contrast to Todd's predictions, associated with increased levels of the rule of law and innovation. On the other hand, and in line with Todd's expectations, communitarian family types are linked to racism, low levels of the rule of law, and late industrialization. Countries in which endogamy is frequently practiced also display an expectedly high level of state fragility and weak civil society organizations.

436 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment (e.g., CPAP) Differential Effects on Cognitive Performance

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A172-A173
Author(s):  
Ei Hlaing ◽  
Stephanie Clancy Dollinger ◽  
Terry Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Subjective Sleep Quality ◽  
Cognitive Improvement ◽  
Cpap Treatment ◽  
Integrative Research ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Abstract Introduction The efficacy of CPAP treatment for cognitive improvement among patients with OSA is inconsistent. Naegele et al. (1995) found that short term memory impairment persisted even after 4 to 6 months of CPAP; O’Donoghue et al. (2012) have reported they did not find improvement in vigilance or memory; Felver-Grant (2007) found that working memory improved but not other cognitive tests. Kanbay et al. (2015) found patients improved on the MMSE scores after 3 months of CPAP treatment. Kim et al. (2018) claimed just 3 weeks of CPAP treatment improved attention, sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). CPAP therapy has little effect on the improvement of cognitive deficits associated with OSA if the patients did not complain of daytime sleepiness (Zhou et al,, 2016). Methods Both untreated OSA patients (N=19) and ApneaLinkTM- screened controls (N=16) were administered a battery of cognitive tests before the patients started using CPAP and these two conditions were tested again after 3 months of CPAP treatment. A Fisher’s Exact Chi-Square test was used to determine if there was an association between conditions (OSA patients vs. Controls) and level of performance on cognitive tests (low vs. high scores) at the baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Results Depression scores, subjective sleep quality scores (global PSQI), EDS scores (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States) decreased after 3 months of CPAP treatment just for patients. Controls (individuals without moderate or severe OSA) performed better at the second time on phonemic fluency, immediate recall memory test, and 30 minute delayed memory recall test. Conclusion The fact that patients did not do better at time 2 on any of the cognitive tests may indicate a long term effect of hypoxia on the brain. The cognitive deficits may not reverse within the first 3 months of CPAP although self-reported depressive symptoms and perception of sleep quality and positive mood have improved when patients reported they are compliant with the treatment. Support (if any) A grant from the Center for Integrative Research on Cognitive Neural Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale was received.

scholarly journals 3,6′-Dithiopomalidomide Ameliorates Hippocampal Neurodegeneration, Microgliosis and Astrogliosis and Improves Cognitive Behaviors in Rats with a Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8276
Author(s):  
Pen-Sen Huang ◽  
Ping-Yen Tsai ◽  
Ling-Yu Yang ◽  
Daniela Lecca ◽  
Weiming Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Cognitive Behaviors ◽  
Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Behavioral Impairments ◽  
Hippocampal Neurodegeneration

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. It can instigate immediate cell death, followed by a time-dependent secondary injury that results from disproportionate microglial and astrocyte activation, excessive inflammation and oxidative stress in brain tissue, culminating in both short- and long-term cognitive dysfunction and behavioral deficits. Within the brain, the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to a TBI. We studied a new pomalidomide (Pom) analog, namely, 3,6′-dithioPom (DP), and Pom as immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiD) for mitigating TBI-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration, microgliosis, astrogliosis and behavioral impairments in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in rats. Both agents were administered as a single intravenous dose (0.5 mg/kg) at 5 h post injury so that the efficacies could be compared. Pom and DP significantly reduced the contusion volume evaluated at 24 h and 7 days post injury. Both agents ameliorated short-term memory deficits and anxiety behavior at 7 days after a TBI. The number of degenerating neurons in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus after a TBI was reduced by Pom and DP. DP, but not Pom, significantly attenuated the TBI-induced microgliosis and DP was more efficacious than Pom at attenuating the TBI-induced astrogliosis in CA1 and DG at 7D after a TBI. In summary, a single intravenous injection of Pom or DP, given 5 h post TBI, significantly reduced hippocampal neurodegeneration and prevented cognitive deficits with a concomitant attenuation of the neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.

Flavonoids and UV Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Mutants

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken G Ryan ◽  
Ewald E Swinny ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Kenneth R Markham
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Quercetin Glycosides ◽  
Kaempferol Glycosides ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level

AbstractWild-type Arabidopsis L. leaves exposed to low ultraviolet-B (U V B ) conditions contained predominantly kaempferol glycosides, with low levels of quercetin glycosides. The flavonoid level doubled on treatment with UVB and an increase in the ratio of quercetin: kaempferol was observed. These results suggest that flavonols protect Arabidopsis plants from UVB damage, and indicate that the flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) enzyme, which converts dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin, may play a crucial role. The tt7 mutant lacks this gene and, after treatment with sub-ambient UVB, contained kaempferol glycosides exclusively, to a level of total flavonols similar to that in wild-type Arabidopsis. Total flavonols after enhanced UVB treatment were higher in tt7 than in similarly treated wild-type plants, and only kaempferol glycosides were detected. Despite this high level, tt7 plants were less tolerant of UVB radiation than wild-type plants. These observations suggests that kaempferol is a less effective photoprotectant than quercetin. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutant (tt5) surprisingly did not accumulate naringenin chalcone, and this suggests that the mutation may not be restricted to the CHI gene alone. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives did not change with UVB treatment in most varieties indicating that their role in UV photoprotection may be subordinate to that of the flavonoids.

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