scholarly journals Poverty Reduction Effect of New-Type Agricultural Cooperatives: An Empirical Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching and Endogenous Switching Regression Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhineng Hu ◽  
Qiong Feng ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Shuangyi Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Endogenous Switching Regression ◽  
Endogenous Switching ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Esr Model ◽  
New Type

Agricultural cooperatives have been found to effectively alleviate poverty in developing countries because of their specific socioeconomic functions that allow poor households to overcome marketing and production constraints. However, cooperative evaluations are inevitably influenced by other poverty alleviation measures and rarely consider the characteristics of specific ethnic groups. Using cross-sectional surveys in Southwest China and employing propensity score matching (PSM) and endogenous switching regression (ESR) models, this paper analyzed the participation of poor households in New-type Agricultural Cooperatives (NACs) in ethnic areas and assessed the income impacts of NAC membership by eliminating unobserved biases and group heterogeneity. This study detected heterogeneous policy perceptions and behavioral differences between the member and nonmember groups, and the PSM and ESR model results indicated that, overall, participation in the NACs had a positive effect on household income. The ESR model was found to be more plausible as it was able to reveal the significant income gaps under a counterfactual inference framework. Local policymakers need to focus on the policy perception and behavioral and earning capability differences between groups and increase the balanced policy implementation.

scholarly journals Dampak Program Raskin terhadap Konsumsi Gizi Rumah Tangga di Pulau Jawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Eka Rastiyanto Amrullah ◽  
NFN Kardiyono ◽  
Ismatul Hidayah ◽  
Aris Rusyiana
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Endogenous Switching Regression ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Endogenous Switching

<p>Distribution of subsidized rice for a low-income household has been one of the government policies to improve food insecurity and eradicate poverty.  From 1998 to 2015, this policy was implemented to distribute subsidized rice for the poor (Raskin) program. Impact evaluation of this program on household nutrition consumption is very important because the level of nutrition consumption is one of the instruments for welfare assessment in Indonesia. One of the problems in this program implementation was the inaccuracy of the target recipient, that was some small part of the poor and near-poor did not receive subsidized rice, and vice versa. Based on these findings, this study aimed to analyze Raskin's impact on household nutrition consumption for both target recipients and nonrecipient. In this study, the data used was Susenas 2015 from Statistics Indonesia, with the scope of analysis covering Java Island. Data were analyzed using the treatment effect method, with the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogenous Switching Regression approaches (ESR). Statistically and significantly, estimation results using PSM and ESR stated that the distribution of Raskin increased energy and protein consumption in each household recipient group, meaning that this program could reduce malnutrition and food insecurity of the poor. To increase the benefit of this subsidized food distribution, it is suggested that the target recipient's data should be improved, and the inaccuracy of household recipients should be minimized.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Penyaluran subsidi beras untuk rumah tangga berpendapatan rendah menjadi salah satu kebijakan pemerintah dalam mengatasi kerawanan pangan dan pengentasan kemiskinan. Pada priode 1998 sampai 2015 kebijakan ini dilaksanakan melalui program penyaluran beras subsidi untuk rumah tangga miskin (Raskin). Evaluasi dampak Raskin terhadap tingkat konsumsi gizi rumah tangga sangat penting, karena kecukupan tingkat konsumsi gizi menjadi salah satu instrumen penilaian kesejahteraan di Indonesia. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam implementasi program ini adalah adanya ketidaktepatan penerima sasaran program, yaitu ada sebagian kecil rumah tangga miskin dan rentan miskin yang tidak menerima Raskin, dan sebaliknya.  Dengan latar belakang hasil penelitian tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak Raskin terhadap konsumsi gizi rumah tangga penerima dan bukan penerima. Data yang digunakan adalah data Susenas 2015 dari Badan Pusat Statistik, dengan cakupan analisis meliputi Pulau Jawa.  Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode efek perlakuan (<em>treatment effect)</em>, dengan pendekatan <em>Propensity Score Matching</em> (PSM) dan <em>Endogenous Switching Regression</em> (ESR). Secara statistik dan signifikan, hasil estimasi menggunakan PSM dan ESR menyatakan penyaluran Raskin dapat meningkatkan konsumsi energi dan protein pada setiap kelompok rumah tangga penerima Raskin, berarti program ini dapat mengurangi malnutrisi dan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga miskin. Untuk meningkatkan manfaat dari program penyaluran subsidi pangan, disarankan dilakukan perbaikan data rumah tangga penerima dan kesalahan target rumah tangga penerima ditekan sekecil mungkin.</p>

scholarly journals Does agricultural cooperative membership help reduce the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides? Evidence from rural China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongshan Liu ◽  
Gang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rural China ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
Endogenous Switching ◽  
The Family ◽  
Esr Model

Abstract The overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (CFPs) has negatively impacted the environment and human health. It is an urgent issue that should be addressed. In this study, we investigate whether agricultural cooperatives can serve as an institutional arrangement that helps reduce the consumption of CFPs, using the data of 2012 family farms from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Various approaches, including instrumental variable based two-stage residual inclusion approach (2SRI), endogenous switching probit (ESP) model, and endogenous switching regression (ESR) model, are utilized to help address the endogeneity issues of the cooperative membership variable. The results show that agricultural cooperative membership significantly increases the probability of reducing fertilizers and pesticides of the family farms and improves net return per yuan CFPs. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting the development of agricultural cooperatives to support green agricultural production in China.

scholarly journals Impacts of Agricultural Cooperatives on Farmers’ Revenues in Cambodia: A Case Study of Tram Kak District, Takeo Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sereynithia Hun ◽  
Shoichi Ito ◽  
Hiroshi Isoda ◽  
Yuichiro Amekawa
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government ◽  
Takeo Province ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural cooperatives in Cambodia have been promoted with the aim of increasing agricultural production and farmers’ revenues. The objectives of this study are to identify factors influencing farmers’ decision on membership in agricultural cooperatives, and to assess the impact of being a member in those cooperatives on farmers’ revenues from paddy, livestock and farm. Cross-sectional data from interviews of 242 households in Tram Kak District, Takeo Province were used. The probit model and propensity score matching were employed to achieve the objectives. The results show that farmers who sold their paddy and had been contacted by extension workers from the government agency and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are more likely to join the cooperatives while male-headed household farmers and farmers who have high off-farm income are less likely to become members of the cooperatives. Moreover, the results of propensity score matching reveal that agricultural cooperatives have no impact on paddy yields and paddy revenue due to the fact that agricultural cooperatives do not provide sufficient training to their members, and members did not actively attend those trainings provided. Also, the cooperatives have failed to provide members better prices for their paddy. There are positive impacts on their livestock and farm revenues through increasing livestock and other crop production when agricultural cooperatives provide livestock and other crop training to their members. However, there is no impact on non-members if they join the cooperatives as they have higher off-farm income, less paddy land size and fewer laborers that are not favorable to taking on other farming activities.

The Relationship between Dental Findings and Tongue Pressure: A Survey of 745 Community-Dwelling Adults and Elderly Persons in Japan

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kensuke Tashiro ◽  
Sakiko Soutome ◽  
Madoka Funahara ◽  
Yumiko Kawashita ◽  
Masayasu Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Teeth ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Reduced tongue pressure is one of the causes of dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental findings and tongue pressure, and whether prosthetic treatment prevents reduced tongue pressure. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were 745 community-dwelling adults and elderly persons in the Goto Islands in Nagasaki, who underwent a health checkup for residents in 2015 and 2016. Data were collected on gender; age; grip strength; hemoglobin; Creatinine (Cr); glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); history of stroke; smoking, drinking, exercise, and walking habits; number of teeth; wearing of removable dentures; functional units of natural teeth (n-FTUs), fixed prostheses (nif-FTUs), and removable dentures (t-FTUs); and tongue pressure. The associations between each variable and tongue pressure were examined using multiple regression analysis. Next, those with 3 or fewer n-FTUs were selected, and differences in tongue pressure were compared between those with 3 or fewer nif-FTUs and those with 4 or more nif-FTUs, using a propensity score matching method. Results: Male gender, weak grip strength, low HbA1c, no drinking, and a low number of teeth were independent factors significantly associated with lower tongue pressure. Among participants with 3 or fewer n-FTUs, the 43 with 4 or more nif-FTUs showed significantly higher tongue pressure than the 43 with 3 or fewer nif-FTUs after propensity score matching, although the number of t-FTUs was not associated with tongue pressure. Discussion/Conclusion: Tooth loss was significantly associated with lower tongue pressure. It was suggested that fixed prosthesis treatment might prevent the reduction of tongue pressure, but removable dentures did not have such an effect.

Healthcare utilization associated with adherence to antibiotics for abdominal surgeries in Japan: cross-sectional analysis of administrative database

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinobu Imai ◽  
Anna Kiyomi ◽  
Munetoshi Sugiura ◽  
Kiyohide Fushimi
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Selection ◽  
Therapeutic Guidelines

Abstract Background Since patients receiving surgery may experience surgical site infections, therapeutic guidelines for reducing hospitalization time and cost include appropriate antibiotic use. However, the association between adherence to therapeutic guidelines and healthcare utilization is currently unclear. Objectives This study aimed to confirm the positive association between the adherence to guidelines of antibiotic therapy and a reduction in the length of stay and cost of hospitalization, especially considering the high infection rates in abdominal surgery. Methods This cross-sectional study used administrative data (diagnosis procedure combination data) collected using the case-mix system implemented in acute-care hospitals in Japan. We assessed the length of hospital stay and cost of hospitalization for patients who received prophylactic antibiotic for abdominal surgeries consistent with therapeutic guidelines. The data of patients aged 15 years or older who received appendectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy or inguinal hernia repair were extracted. The appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis was evaluated in terms of the Japanese guidelines for antibiotic selection and treatment duration. To assess the mean difference in antibiotic costs and length of stay, we performed the propensity score matching by confounding factors. Furthermore, we assessed the progress in healthcare utilization of this therapy over a decade. Results Of the 302 233 patients who received single general surgery from April 2014 to March 2016, 198 885 were eligible for analysis after applying the exclusion criteria (143 975 in the adherence and 54 910 in the non-adherence group). Each group comprised 48 439 patients after propensity score matching. Inappropriate antibiotic selection and duration were observed in 9294 (9.8%) and 687 (0.7%) of inguinal hernia repairs, 6431 (25.3%) and 311 (1.2%) of appendectomies and 38 134 (48.5%) and 391 (0.5%) of laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases, respectively. After propensity score matching by operation type, average hospitalization length (6.5 [SD 3.8] and 7.3 [SD 4.8] days) and costs (536 000 [SD 167 000] JPY and 573 000 [SD 213 000] JPY) differed significantly between adherence and non-adherence groups. Conclusion The results revealed that unnecessary healthcare utilization was associated with failure to adhere to therapeutic guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in elective general surgeries. We concluded that the progress of reduction in length of hospitalization over the decade was successful. Notably, adherence to treatment duration was better than that was 10 years ago. In this decade, administrators in hospitals have attempted to reduce the duration of hospitalization by developing various clinical pathways for surgical procedures and quality indicators. However, 15 877 patients (8.7%) were prescribed oral antibiotics the day after surgery. These observations should be evaluated further.

scholarly journals Identifying the causal effect of child marriage on unmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using propensity score matching

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e043532
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Sekine ◽  
Rogie Royce Carandang ◽  
Ken Ing Cherng Ong ◽  
Anand Tamang ◽  
Masamine Jimba
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Marginal Population ◽  
Modern Contraception

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate whether child marriage had causal effects on unmet needs for modern contraception, and unintended pregnancy, by estimating the marginal (population-averaged) treatment effect of child marriage.DesignThis study used secondary data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Applying one-to-one nearest-neighbour matching with replacement within a calliper range of ±0.01, 15–49 years old women married before the age of 18 were matched with similar women who were married at 18 or above to reduce selection bias.SettingNationally representative population survey data.ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 7833 women aged 15–49 years who were married for more than 5 years.Outcome measuresUnmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy.ResultsThe matching method achieved adequate overlap in the propensity score distributions and balance in measured covariates between treatment and control groups with the same propensity score. Propensity score matching analysis showed that the risk of unmet needs for modern contraception, and unintended pregnancy among women married as children were a 14.3 percentage point (95 % CI 10.3 to 18.2) and a 10.1 percentage point (95 % CI 3.7 to 16.4) higher, respectively, than among women married as adults. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the estimated effects were robust to unmeasured covariates.ConclusionsChild marriage appears to increase the risk of unmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy. These findings call for social development and public health programmes that promote delayed entry into marriage and childbearing to improve reproductive health and rights.

scholarly journals Impact of Oil Palm Expansion on Farmers’ Crop Income and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: An Application of Propensity Score Matching

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widya Alwarritzi ◽  
Teruaki Nanseki ◽  
Yosuke Chomei
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Order Estimate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Job Opportunity ◽  
Crop Income

<p>In order to solve serious problem on the lack of job opportunity and poverty in Indonesia, oil palm expansion driven by smallholders have been taken into the economic development agenda. The evidence shows that oil palm expansion by smallholders have a great performance for improving livelihood of rural community. Thus, this study aims to estimate the causal effect of oil palm expansion on farmers’ livelihoods in Indonesia. Using cross-sectional data from 271 households in Riau Province, the determinants of farmers’ decisions to expand oil palm farm size and the impacts of expansion are analyzed. Propensity Score Matching was employed in order to deal with self-selection biased in the evaluation of oil palm expansion impact. In the first step, logit model was applied to analyze the determinant of oil palm expansion. In the second step, each observation is matched with a similar propensity score value in order estimate the average treatment effect for the treated (ATT). Empirical results show that number of family members actively involved in oil palm cultivation, farmers’ financial assets, contract farming, and distance to the market are significantly associated with likelihood for expanding farm size. Positive and significant impacts of crop income from oil palm and <em>per capita </em>expenditures, confirms that oil palm expansion help reducing the problem of job opportunity and poverty in Indonesia. This study implicates that, to improve oil palm expansion practice in Indonesia, several schemes must be considered: enhancing human resources development, integrating oil palm marketing schemes, and improving infrastructure facilities.</p>

Distance Traveled in Times of Pandemic: An Endogenous Switching Regression Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 135481662110594
Author(s):  
David Boto-García ◽  
Veronica Leoni
Keyword(s):  
Potential Change ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Endogenous Switching Regression ◽  
Endogenous Switching ◽  
Regression Approach

This paper studies the change in the distance traveled by domestic tourists considering the pre- and post-pandemic outbreak summer periods of 2019 and 2020. Using representative monthly microdata involving more than 31,000 trips conducted by Spanish residents, we examine the heterogeneity in behavioral adaptation to COVID-19 based on sociodemographic and trip-related characteristics. To account for selection effects and the potential change in the population composition of travelers between the two periods, we estimate an endogenous switching regression that conducts separate regressions for the pre- and post-pandemic periods in a unified econometric framework. Our results point to heterogeneous shifts in the distance traveled by domestic travelers after COVID-19 outbreak per sociodemographic group, with notable differences by travel purpose and lower relevance of traditional determinants like income.

Effects of village savings and loan association on agricultural value productivity in Northern Region of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dawuni ◽  
Franklin Nantui Mabe ◽  
Osman Damba Tahidu
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Savings And Loan

PurposeAgriculture in Ghana is dominated by smallholder farmers in rural areas. Majority of these farmers are resource-poor and faced with serious challenges in accessing formal financial services towards farming needs attributed to the stringent requirements. To bridge this gap, village savings and loan associations (VSLA) have been promoted in rural areas as an alternative to meeting the credit needs of smallholder farmers. Credit plays a vital role in input acquisition among farmers for improved agricultural value productivity. This study assesses the contribution of VSLA to agricultural value productivity in the Northern Region of Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is a primary cross-sectional data collected with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. This study, therefore, applied a propensity score matching (PSM) to assess the effects of VSLA on agricultural value productivity.FindingsResults from the PSM revealed that extension contact, contract farming, television set ownership, participating in “Planting for Food and Jobs” and nature of roads, including receiving VSLA information from members' increases participation decision of farmers in VSLA. Conversely, age of a farmer, household size, distance to output market and farmers in the Sagnarigu Municipality have negatively influenced VSLA participation. The propensity score matching estimates showed that members of VSLA obtained 38.2% higher agricultural value productivity than non-members.Originality/valueVillage savings and loans associations can be promoted among smallholder farmers as an effective alternative to formal financial service for inclusive development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document