scholarly journals Survey on Reversible Watermarking Techniques of Echocardiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Rabiya Ghafoor ◽  
Danish Saleem ◽  
Sajjad Shaukat Jamal ◽  
M. Ishtiaq ◽  
Sadaf Ejaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Reversible Watermarking ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Histogram Shifting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Error Expansion

In critical domains such as medical and military, reversible watermarking (RW) has been used. In the medical domain, different modalities are used to store patient information. The current study focuses on the application of RW in echocardiography data. Mostly, RW is applied to protect patient data without affecting the quality of the decoded image. The RW methods are benchmarked as per imperceptibility, robustness, and payload. The survey presents a comparison of state-of-the-art RW techniques. The imperceptibility and payload are balanced through a tradeoff. It has been observed in the literature that most of the RW methods lack robustness, and very small-scale robustness has been achieved in this domain of watermarking. Different types of RW, i.e., fragile, semifragile, and robust methods, are being compared and reviewed. Mostly, fragile methods are developed on the error-expansion techniques built on histogram shifting-based approach. In this study, several RW methods are compared and the results are presented.

scholarly journals The Utilization of Mobile Money Services in Small Scale Enterprises:A Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryakanthi Tangirala ◽  
Samuel Nlondiwa
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transactional Costs

Mobile money is an electronic wallet service that allows users to store, send and receive money using their mobile phone. This research is an effort to find out the adoption and utilization of mobile money services in small sized enterprises located in Gaborone, Botswana. Inevitably, other aspects such as different types of transactions carried out using mobile money services in small business, customer’s perception on quality of mobile money service providers, impeding factors of mobile money adoption are also studied for wider understanding of the subject. The findings of the study show that small enterprises use mobile money services to carryout transactions but the level of adoption is not significant. The study revealed that transactional costs and connectivity issues are major barriers of adoption of mobile money services. In conclusion the study recommended that the service providers must improve the connectivity issues and reduce transaction charges in order to increase the utilization of mobile money services

Multisensor systems based on phthalocyanines for monitoring the quality of grapes

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (08n11) ◽  
pp. 889-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez ◽  
Celia García-Hernandez ◽  
Cristina Medina-Plaza ◽  
Cristina García-Cabezón ◽  
Jose Antonio de Saja
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Carbon Paste ◽  
Electron Mediator ◽  
Multisensor Systems ◽  
Langmuir Blodgett ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Nanostructured Sensors

Arrays of phthalocyanine-based sensors with complementary activity have been used to develop voltammetric electronic tongues. Such systems have demonstrated to be useful in enology for the evaluation of quality of wines in different production stages, from grapes to bottles. In this paper, the state of the art of multisensor systems based on phthalocyanines dedicated to the analysis of musts (juices obtained from crushed grapes) is described. Such multisensor systems cover different types of sensors from simple Carbon Paste Electrodes, to sophiticated nanostructured sensors, including Langmuir–Blodgett or Layer by Layer thin films and biomimetic biosensors where phthalocyanines play a crucial role as electron mediator between enzymes and electrodes. In all cases, multisensor systems based on phthalocyanines have been able to discriminate musts prepared from different varieties of grapes. The performance of these systems can be improved by combining non-specific sensors with biosensors containing enzymes selective to phenols. In this case, excellent relationships have been found between the responses provided by the array and the content in phenols and acids provided by traditional chemical analysis.

scholarly journals Border following–based reversible watermarking algorithm for images with resistance to histogram overflowing

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 155014772091701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tang ◽  
Linna Zhou ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Weijie Shan ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Reversible Watermarking ◽  
Histogram Shifting ◽  
Peak Point ◽  
Watermark Embedding ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Location Map ◽  
Embed Watermark

Histogram shifting is an effective manner to achieve reversible watermarking, which works by shifting pixels between the peak point and its nearest zero point in histogram to make room for watermark embedding. However, once zero point is absent, the algorithm suffers from overflowing problem. Even though some works attempt to deal with this risk by introducing auxiliary information, such as a location map, they occupy a lot of embedding capacity inevitably. In this article, in order to deal with overflowing problem efficiently, we propose a border following–based reversible watermarking algorithm for images. With the help of border following algorithm and pre-processing, available regions with at least one zero point are recognized to embed watermark so that auxiliary information is not needed any more. And the algorithm utilized also ensures the same border can be re-recognized from the watermarked image without error, thus the correctness is also guaranteed. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using classic image datasets in this area, and the results not only validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm but also indicate its advantages compared with the classic histogram shifting–based reversible watermarking algorithm as well as the state of the art.

scholarly journals Measuring the Evolution of a Scientific Field through Citation Frames

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 391-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jurgens ◽  
Srijan Kumar ◽  
Raine Hoover ◽  
Dan McFarland ◽  
Dan Jurafsky
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Citation Count ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Behavioral Study ◽  
Different Types

Citations have long been used to characterize the state of a scientific field and to identify influential works. However, writers use citations for different purposes, and this varied purpose influences uptake by future scholars. Unfortunately, our understanding of how scholars use and frame citations has been limited to small-scale manual citation analysis of individual papers. We perform the largest behavioral study of citations to date, analyzing how scientific works frame their contributions through different types of citations and how this framing affects the field as a whole. We introduce a new dataset of nearly 2,000 citations annotated for their function, and use it to develop a state-of-the-art classifier and label the papers of an entire field: Natural Language Processing. We then show how differences in framing affect scientific uptake and reveal the evolution of the publication venues and the field as a whole. We demonstrate that authors are sensitive to discourse structure and publication venue when citing, and that how a paper frames its work through citations is predictive of the citation count it will receive. Finally, we use changes in citation framing to show that the field of NLP is undergoing a significant increase in consensus.

scholarly journals Semi-Supervised Text Simplification with Back-Translation and Asymmetric Denoising Autoencoders

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (05) ◽  
pp. 9668-9675
Author(s):  
Yanbin Zhao ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Zhi Chen ◽  
Kai Yu
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Text Simplification ◽  
Parallel Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Multiple State ◽  
Simple Pair

Text simplification (TS) rephrases long sentences into simplified variants while preserving inherent semantics. Traditional sequence-to-sequence models heavily rely on the quantity and quality of parallel sentences, which limits their applicability in different languages and domains. This work investigates how to leverage large amounts of unpaired corpora in TS task. We adopt the back-translation architecture in unsupervised machine translation (NMT), including denoising autoencoders for language modeling and automatic generation of parallel data by iterative back-translation. However, it is non-trivial to generate appropriate complex-simple pair if we directly treat the set of simple and complex corpora as two different languages, since the two types of sentences are quite similar and it is hard for the model to capture the characteristics in different types of sentences. To tackle this problem, we propose asymmetric denoising methods for sentences with separate complexity. When modeling simple and complex sentences with autoencoders, we introduce different types of noise into the training process. Such a method can significantly improve the simplification performance. Our model can be trained in both unsupervised and semi-supervised manner. Automatic and human evaluations show that our unsupervised model outperforms the previous systems, and with limited supervision, our model can perform competitively with multiple state-of-the-art simplification systems.

Synthesis and applications of nanoparticles: State of the Art and Future Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smriti Shukla ◽  
Mitali Sharma ◽  
Sapna Yadav ◽  
Avinash Raghupathy ◽  
Kartikeya Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Soil And Water

: Nanoparticles are being extensively studied these days to grab more knowledge on how they can be used in various fields to increase the yields and hence be beneficial for biotic components of the ecosystem. Chemicals being used in agriculture have caused a lot of damage to the soil and water quality along with the crop plants, ultimately affecting human health severely. Better alternatives are thus required to get higher yields with a better quality of crop plants that enhance human health. A variety of nanoparticles exists in nature, while others have been manufactured accidentally or engineered purposefully. These can play many beneficial roles in the crop plants, increasing the yield of crops and quality of the grains. They can be applied at various stages and in different doses. The effect they exhibit would be dependent on many factors. Different nanoparticles have diverse effects on different plants. Some nanoparticles may be beneficial to one species of crop plant and disadvantageous to the other one. Therefore, an elaborative study is required on all the types of nanoparticles exhibiting their advantageous and disadvantageous impacts on different species of crop plants for the dose and stage in which they have been applied. This review explains the different types of nanoparticles categorized based on their manufacture and the different effects they cause in different plant species. More research and knowledge is yet to be obtained before using nanoparticles in crop plants since the way they affect human health is a serious matter of concern.

scholarly journals Question-driven summarization of answers to consumer health questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Savery ◽  
Asma Ben Abacha ◽  
Soumya Gayen ◽  
Dina Demner-Fushman
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Automatic Summarization ◽  
Medical Expertise ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Automatic summarization of natural language is a widely studied area in computer science, one that is broadly applicable to anyone who needs to understand large quantities of information. In the medical domain, automatic summarization has the potential to make health information more accessible to people without medical expertise. However, to evaluate the quality of summaries generated by summarization algorithms, researchers first require gold standard, human generated summaries. Unfortunately there is no available data for the purpose of assessing summaries that help consumers of health information answer their questions. To address this issue, we present the MEDIQA-Answer Summarization dataset, the first dataset designed for question-driven, consumer-focused summarization. It contains 156 health questions asked by consumers, answers to these questions, and manually generated summaries of these answers. The dataset’s unique structure allows it to be used for at least eight different types of summarization evaluations. We also benchmark the performance of baseline and state-of-the-art deep learning approaches on the dataset, demonstrating how it can be used to evaluate automatically generated summaries.

scholarly journals Homomorphic Encryption-Based Robust Reversible Watermarking for 3D Model

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Shengxian Wang ◽  
Shanqing Zhang ◽  
Ting Luo ◽  
Ching-Chun Chang
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Homomorphic Encryption ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Reversible Watermarking ◽  
Histogram Shifting ◽  
Watermark Embedding ◽  
Paillier Cryptosystem ◽  
Embed Watermark

Robust reversible watermarking in an encrypted domain is a technique that preserves privacy and protects copyright for multimedia transmission in the cloud. In general, most models of buildings and medical organs are constructed by three-dimensional (3D) models. A 3D model shared through the internet can be easily modified by an unauthorized user, and in order to protect the security of 3D models, a robust reversible 3D models watermarking method based on homomorphic encryption is necessary. In the proposed method, a 3D model is divided into non-overlapping patches, and the vertex in each patch is encrypted by using the Paillier cryptosystem. On the cloud side, in order to utilize addition and multiplication homomorphism of the Paillier cryptosystem, three direction values of each patch are computed for constructing the corresponding histogram, which is shifted to embed watermark. For obtaining watermarking robustness, the robust interval is designed in the process of histogram shifting. The watermark can be extracted from the symmetrical direction histogram, and the original encrypted model can be restored by histogram shifting. Moreover, the process of watermark embedding and extraction are symmetric. Experimental results show that compared with the existing watermarking methods in encrypted 3D models, the quality of the decrypted model is improved. Moreover, the proposed method is robust to common attacks, such as translation, scaling, and Gaussian noise.

Odours in sewer networks: nuisance assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pérez ◽  
C. Manjón ◽  
J. V. Martínez ◽  
J. M. Juárez-Galan ◽  
B. Barillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sewer Network ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Odour Concentration ◽  
Sewer Networks

As odour nuisance can affect the quality of life, the population is more and more demanding and in many cities sewers are a critical source of odours. Both factors can lead to increasing numbers of complaints due to the odour nuisance perceived by the residents, affecting also the public image of the sewer management companies. Odours associated with sewer networks are very heterogeneous, in as much as the different ‘types of odours’ encountered are sewer site specific. The state of the art indicates that there are three parameters that play an important role with the nuisance generated by an odour: hedonic odour tone, odour concentration and odour intensity. This paper presents the results of the study on odour nuisance carried out in different points of the sewer network, with the aim to assess the nuisance generated and identify which points of the sewer should be targeted to implement corrective actions. Considering the different parameters assessed, pumping stations have been identified as critical points of odour nuisance in the sewers, being recommended to implement an odour treatment system in order to guarantee the odour comfort of residents.

Voice Evaluation: State of the Art

1995 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. P147-P147
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Grillone ◽  
George Charpied
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Patient Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Multimedia Database ◽  
Educational Objectives ◽  
Acoustic Data

Educational objectives: To perform a collection of patient information, videolaryngoscopy, videolaryngostroboscopy, and acoustic data using a rigorous data collection scheme and to use a computerized interface for digitizing acoustic, video and patient data into a multimedia database for archiving and retrieval.

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