scholarly journals Briquetting of Dry Sugarcane Leaves by Using Press Mud, Cow Dung, and Buffalo Dung as Binders

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rahul A. Patil ◽  
Umesh B. Deshannavar ◽  
M. Ramasamy ◽  
Sampath Emani ◽  
Alibek Issakhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Press Mud ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Buffalo Dung

The world’s population is increasing rapidly. This means that energy consumption and demand for energy are also increasing at the same rate. It is estimated that energy will need to be provided to 9 to 10 billion people by 2040. India is a leading consumer of energy in the world. In particular, it consumes a large amount of oil and natural gas to fulfil its energy demand. Due to uncertainty in the supply of oil and natural gas and their prices as well as environmental pollution, there is a need to shift towards other energy sources. Biomass is one of the first energy sources with specific properties and abundant availability. Today, 10% to 14% of the world’s energy supply is provided by biomass sources. Using agricultural waste (biomass) to make briquettes to generate power can be an alternative solution to the problems related to their disposal and pollution. The present work investigates the optimum ratio of dry sugarcane leaves to binders and optimum load and selects the best binder (cow dung, buffalo dung, and press mud) for making high-quality briquettes. The physical parameters and proximate analysis of the dry sugarcane leaf briquettes with the cow dung, buffalo dung, and press mud binders are investigated. The dry sugarcane leaf briquettes with the cow dung binder have the highest gross calorific value, net calorific value, split tensile strength, tumbling resistance, shatter resistance, and energy density ratio (16262.31 kJ/kg, 15362.1 kJ/kg, 7.164 kN/m2, 87.84%, 12.75%, and 0.9296, respectively). The estimated results show that cow dung is a better binder for making high-quality dry sugarcane leaf briquettes than the buffalo dung and press mud binders.

scholarly journals Role of Promoters in Hoisting the Catalytic Performance for Enhanced CO Methanation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain I. ◽  
Jalil A. A. ◽  
Mamat C. R. ◽  
Siang T. J. ◽  
Azami M. S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Coal Resources ◽  
Clean Energy Source ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Promising Source

The increasing demand of natural gas and its rising cost have urged some countries to take initiatives to fulfil their energy needs. The production of substituted natural gas (SNG) by syngas (CO + H2) from coal or biomass is one of the most effective methods. As a promising source of energy, SNG has attracted much attention on research and applications due to the high demand for environmental protection. It is regarded as a clean energy source and an effective method for the application of coal resources, particularly in the regions with abundant coal resources but scarce natural gas such as in China [1-3]. SNG has attracted increasing attention due to its lower emission of sulphur and particulate matter. SNG is expected to be one of the main energy sources of the 21st century. It is environmentally friendly and less costly, has high calorific value, complete combustion, and smoke free compared to other energy sources. It has significant importance for the industrial level and transportation sectors.

International competition for oil and natural gas and its impact on international relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah ◽  
Muthanna Faiq Meri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Investment Process

Energy sources Oil and natural gas are of great importance in international competition and its impact on international relations, as well as the importance of oil and natural gas in maintaining the position of countries in the hegemony and the global economy as well as the level of economic development. Which calls on the major economic powers to pay attention to this type of energy sources and try to obtain more, whether through bilateral economic agreements and attention to the investment process or through wars, as happened in the US war on Iraq in 2003, which indicates the importance of obtaining On oil in various ways and push the international forces to compete for this vital product, especially in light of the inability of alternative energy sources to compensate oil in industries and at least to reduce the importance of consuming countries by this on the one hand, and on the other hand, the rise in the price of global markets made The producing countries are of importance to the industrial countries, and in maintaining access roads without obstacles or problems that may hinder their arrival, creating another economic crisis in light of the economic and financial crises witnessed by the global economic system

Primary Energy Sources of Electric Power in China

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-327
Author(s):  
David Denny
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Electrical Generation ◽  
Year 2000

Electrical generation, 938 Mw, now predominantly (62%) from coal with hydro- at 29% and oil and natural gas at 9%, is expected to grow to 255,000 Mw by the year 2000. Coal will contribute 67%, oil and gas 4%, hydro- 27% and nuclear 2%. There are small, local sources of energy for power generation: geothermal, tidal and wind. Development will be affected by the availability of resources and the extent to which foreign participation is sought.

scholarly journals Evaluation of selected properties of briquettes from recovered paper and board

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brožek
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Worldwide increasing energy demand is today permanently covered by a majority of non-renewable energy sources, namely by coal, crude oil and natural gas. This causes the rapid decline of their reserves and the time gets near when they will be run out. Therefore in the last years the exploitation of renewable energy sources has been permanently preferred. One of alternative fuel forms is fuel on the basis of paper waste. In this paper the results of tests are published, which were carried out using six sorts of recovered paper and board (group and grade 1.05, 1.06, 2.02, 2.05, 2.07 and 2.08 according to CSN EN 643:2002), pressed into the form of briquettes. During the tests following briquettes parameters were watched: moisture content, ash amount, gross calorific value, length and diameter, weight, density, rupture force and mechanical durability. It was proved that briquettes made from recovered paper and board compared with briquettes from wood waste are of high density, high mechanical durability and for their rupture, relatively high force is necessary. But at the same time they have high ash amount and low gross calorific value.

scholarly journals Potentials and prospects for implementation of renewable energy sources in Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5 Part B) ◽  
pp. 2895-2907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Njegos Dragovic ◽  
Milovan Vukovic ◽  
Dejan Riznic
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Serbia is dependent on imports of crude-oil and natural gas, but is endowed by reserves of lignite and the potential of renewable energy sources. Serbia has a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector and to increase the share of renewable in gross final energy production 27% by 2020. Serbia?s total estimated technically usable potential of renewable energy sources is 5.65 Mtoe per year. Biomass has the highest potential for use in Serbia (3.448 Mtoe), followed by hydro power (1.679 Mtoe), solar energy (0.240 Mtoe), geothermal energy (0.180 Mtoe), and wind energy (0.103 Mtoe). This paper presents the potential of renewable energy sources available in Serbia, with current status of their use and prospects for further exploitation.

The Robustness of Natural Gas Energy Supply

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Aslani ◽  
Samaneh Akbari ◽  
Sanaz Tabasi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
National Level ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Expert Opinions

This article describes how affordability, acceptability, and reliability of energy supply are three important concerns for government. Due to the crude oil restrictions and its environmental impacts, a replacement of other energy sources has become more important in recent years. Natural gas is one of the replacements as a cleaner source with a more suitable calorific value than oil in comparison with other renewable energy sources. Therefore, utilization of natural gas as the main source of replacement strategies in the energy system has accelerated at the national level. However, the natural gas energy system is a complex system including different influencing and influenced variables that affect social and economic factors. This research has developed a system dynamics model to understand the complexity of the natural gas energy systems at the macro-level. The model shows the effective sub-systems of energy system with their related variables. It helps to predict the effective factors of an energy supply system based on statistics approaches. After that, three scenarios are defined based on expert opinions and the behaviors of the sub-systems in each scenario is analyzed. The approach also helps to understand unknown consequences of a decision or scenario in the energy system.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production Utilizing Diverse Sources, Classification of Oils and Their Esters, Performance and Emission Characteristics: A Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 976-983
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Detailed Assessment

The ever increasing utilization of energy has resulted in the nation becoming progressively more dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas. The mounting prices of crude oil and natural gas and their impending paucity have raised qualms about the security of energy supply in future, which has severe consequence on the augmentation of a countries economy. The alternative to fossil fuels are the nonconventional energy sources, they are plentiful, renewable, pollution-free and eco-friendly. Therefore, the need to utilize renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biodiesel has publicized its significance. Biodiesel is one of the unsurpassed resources that have come to the cutting edge recently. In this article, highly rated research journals on biofuels were referred and a detailed assessment has been conducted to emphasize different aspects to biodiesel engineering. These aspects include biodiesel feed stocks, a range of various methods used in production of biodiesel such as pyrolysis, micro emulsion, dilution and transesterification (alcoholysis). The study was extended to understand the effect of biodiesel blend magnitude on the performance of engine parameters such as brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and fuel properties like cloud point, flash point, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, density, and cetane number as well as the economic viability, emission characteristics and finally Greenhouse gas emissions

Survey of Courses on Renewable Energy Manufacturing at American Universities

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Cong ◽  
Z. J. Pei
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Skilled Workforce ◽  
The U.S

Both U.S. and world economies have long depended on fossil energy (coal, oil, and natural gas). Supplies of fossil energy are expected to decline in the future and become more expensive. Meanwhile, their use contributes to the accumulation of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Therefore, an urgent need exists for renewable energy sources. In order to enhance the global competitiveness of the U.S. in renewable energy manufacturing, there is a dramatic need for a skilled workforce that has been trained in this field. A survey on renewable energy courses at more than 100 U.S. universities has been conducted. It is found that manufacturing aspects of all forms of renewable energy are not emphasized, and there are no sophomore-level courses that cover manufacturing of all forms of renewable energy at these universities.

Renewable Energy for Human Sustainability

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Renewable energy was used exclusively by the first humans and is likely to be the predominant source for future humans. Between these times the use of extracted resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas has created an explosion of population and affluence, but also of pollution and dependency. This article explores the advent of energy sources in a broad social context including economics, finance, and policy. The means of producing renewable energy are described in an accessible way, highlighting the broad range of considerations in their development, deployment, and ability to scale to address the entirety of human enterprises.

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