scholarly journals Taxonomic Analysis of Oral Microbiome during Orthodontic Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Alessandra Campobasso ◽  
Eleonora Lo Muzio ◽  
Giovanni Battista ◽  
Domenico Ciavarella ◽  
Vito Crincoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Gene Search ◽  
Evidence Quality

Background. Orthodontic appliances induce significant changes in the oral microbiome, but this shift in microbial composition has not been well established by the available evidence yet. Objectives. To perform a systematic review of existing literature in order to assess the taxonomic microbial changes in orthodontic patients during Fixed Appliance Treatment (FAT) and Clear Aligner Treatment (CAT), using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Search Methods and Selection Criteria. The search for articles was carried out in PubMed, including articles published in English until May 2021. They included every human study report potentially relevant to the review. Data Collection and Analysis. After duplicate study selection and data extraction procedures according to the PICOS scheme, the methodological quality of the included papers was assessed by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies (SBU) method. Results. The initial search identified 393 articles, 74 of which were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, six articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. The evidence quality for all the studies was moderate. Conclusions. Orthodontic treatment seems to transiently affect the composition of subgingival microbiome, although not salivary, maintaining a stable microbial diversity. Different results were found in the shift of microbiome between plaque and saliva, depending on the type of orthodontic treatment. This review should be interpreted with some caution because of the number, quality, and heterogeneity of the included studies.

scholarly journals Salivary microbial changes during the first 6 months of orthodontic treatment

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10446
Author(s):  
Mei Zhao ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Haiping Zhang ◽  
Yuxing Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
Oral Hygiene Instructions ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Dynamic Alteration

Background Orthodontic treatment is widely used to treat malocclusion. However, the influence of treatment on the oral microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we investigated salivary microbial changes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods In total, 19 orthodontic patients participated in this study. Saliva samples were collected at the following three timepoints: before (T0) and 3 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) after the placement of orthodontic appliances. High-throughput sequencing was performed based on the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results The phyla of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria were predominant. Observed Species, Chao1 and ACE, which represent α diversity, were significantly decreased at T1 and subsequently increased at T2. In addition, the β diversity at T1 based on the Bray-Curtis distances differed from T0 and T2. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus were decreased with treatment, whereas those of Capnocytophaga and Neisseria exhibited the opposite results. In total, 385 of 410 operational taxonomic units were shared at T0, T1 and T2. The co-occurrence networks with hub nodes at T1 were the most complex. Conclusion Orthodontic treatment temporarily affected the saliva microbial community. This dynamic alteration in species did not induce deterioration in oral health. Oral hygiene instructions were necessary and should be emphasized during each visit. Further studies with longer observation periods and more participants are required.

scholarly journals Investigation of Oral Microbiome in Donkeys and the Effect of Dental Care on Oral Microbial Composition

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2245
Author(s):  
Yiping Zhu ◽  
Wuyan Jiang ◽  
Reed Holyoak ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to investigate the oral microbial composition of the donkey and whether basic dental treatment, such as dental floating, would make a difference to the oral microbial environment in donkeys with dental diseases using high-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Oral swab samples were collected from 14 donkeys with various dental abnormalities on day 0 (before treatment) and day 20 (twenty days after treatment). It is the first report focusing on the oral microbiome in donkeys with dental diseases and the impact of common dental procedures thereon. Identified in group Day 0 and group Day 20, respectively, were 60,439.6 and 58,579.1 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Several taxa in Day 0 differed significantly from Day 20 at the phylum and genus levels, but no statistically significant difference was observed in richness and diversity of Day 0 and Day 20. The results also indicated that a larger-scale study focusing on healthy donkey oral microbiome, as well as the correlation of dental diseases and oral microbiomes at different time frames following more specific and consistent dental treatment, are warranted.

Subgingival Microbiota during Healthy Pregnancy and Pregnancy Gingivitis

2020 ◽  
pp. 238008442094877
Author(s):  
P. Balan ◽  
B.W. Brandt ◽  
Y.S. Chong ◽  
W. Crielaard ◽  
M.L. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Prenatal Health ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy

Introduction: Previous studies have largely explored the microbial composition and pathogenesis of pregnancy gingivitis. However, the patterns of microbial colonization during pregnancy in the absence of pregnancy gingivitis have rarely been studied. Characterization of the oral microbiome in pregnant women with healthy gingiva is an important initial step in understanding the role of the microbiome in progression to pregnancy gingivitis. Objectives: In this study, we compared the oral microbiome of pregnant women without gingivitis (healthy pregnancy) with pregnant women having gingivitis and nonpregnant healthy women to understand how pregnancy modifies the oral microbiome and induces progression to pregnancy gingivitis. Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from Chinese pregnant women with gingivitis ( n = 10), healthy pregnant women ( n = 10), and nonpregnant healthy women ( n = 10). The Illumina MiSeq platform was used to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V4 region. Results: The alpha and beta diversity was significantly different between pregnant and nonpregnant women, but minimal differences were observed between pregnant women with and without gingivitis. Interestingly, the oral bacterial community showed higher abundance of pathogenic taxa during healthy pregnancy as compared with nonpregnant women despite similar gingival and plaque index scores. However, when compared with overt pregnancy gingivitis, pathogenic taxa were less abundant during healthy pregnancy. PICRUSt analysis (phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states) also suggested no difference in the functional capabilities of the microbiome during pregnancy, irrespective of gingival disease status. However, metabolic pathways related to amino acid metabolism were significantly increased in healthy pregnant women as compared with nonpregnant women. Conclusion: The presence of pathogenic taxa in healthy pregnancy and pregnancy gingivitis suggests that bacteria may be necessary for initiating disease development but progression to gingivitis may be influenced by the host environmental factors. More efforts are required to plan interventions aimed at sustaining health before the appearance of overt gingivitis. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study draw attention to the importance of oral health maintenance during pregnancy, as women without any prenatal oral conditions are predisposed to the risk of developing pregnancy gingivitis. Hence, it is important to incorporate comprehensive assessment of oral health in the prenatal health care schedules. Pregnant woman should be screened for oral risks, counseled on proper oral hygiene and expected oral changes, and referred for dental treatment, when necessary.

scholarly journals Postoperative Stability of Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery with Orthodontic Treatment Using Clear Aligners: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11216
Author(s):  
Chiho Moon ◽  
George K. Sándor ◽  
Edward Chengchuan Ko ◽  
Yong-Deok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Clear Aligner

Backgrond: Until now, there have been many studies on the postoperative stability of orthognathic patients treated with traditional fixed orthodontic appliances. Recently, the use of clear aligners as orthodontic appliances has increased in orthodontic treatment for aesthetic and patient convenience. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the stability and characteristics of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery using clear aligners. Patients and Methods: This study was performed on patients who underwent orthognathic surgery by one surgeon at Pusan National University Dental Hospital from April 2017 to August 2021. A comparative study was conducted on five patients treated with clear aligners during orthodontic treatment and ten patients treated with traditional fixed appliances as a control group. Postoperative skeletal changes and recurrence were evaluated by cone beam computed tomography and lateral cephalometric radiographs taken two days postoperatively and six months postoperatively. Several measurement variables were used to confirm the presence or absence of recurrence, preoperative and postoperative orthodontic treatment period, and the number of extracted teeth. Results: Postoperative stability for six months after surgery was not significantly different between the clear aligner group and the traditional fixed appliance group. The preoperative orthodontic treatment period was also shorter in the clear aligner group, and the number of extracted premolar teeth and impacted teeth were also fewer in the clear aligner group, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment using clear aligners continues to develop, and it is believed that there is no limit to what can be accomplished during orthodontic surgery accompanied by clear aligners.

scholarly journals Site- and Taxa-Specific Disease-Associated Oral Microbial Structures Distinguish Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari K Somineni ◽  
Jordan H Weitzner ◽  
Suresh Venkateswaran ◽  
Anne Dodd ◽  
Jarod Prince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
A Site

Abstract Background The gut and oral microbiome have independently been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, it is not known to what extent gut and oral microbial disease markers converge in terms of their composition in IBD. Further, the spatial and temporal variation within the oral microenvironments of IBD remain to be elucidated. Patients and Methods We used a prospectively recruited cohort of patients with IBD (n = 47) and unrelated healthy control patients (n = 18) to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of microbiota within the various oral microenvironments, represented by saliva, tongue, buccal mucosa, and plaque, and compared them with stool. Microbiome characterization was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The oral microbiome displayed IBD-associated dysbiosis, in a site- and taxa-specific manner. Plaque samples depicted a relatively severe degree of dysbiosis, and the disease-associated dysbiotic bacterial groups were predominantly the members of the phylum Firmicutes. Our 16S rRNA gene analyses show that oral microbiota can distinguish patients with IBD from healthy control patients, with salivary microbiota performing the best, closely matched by stool and other oral sites. Longitudinal profiles of microbial composition suggest that some taxa are more consistently perturbed than others, preferentially in a site-dependent fashion. Conclusions Collectively, these data indicate the potential of using oral microbial profiles in screening and monitoring patients with IBD. Furthermore, these results support the importance of spatial and longitudinal microbiome sampling to interpret disease-associated dysbiotic states and eventually to gain insights into disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Gender Variations in the Oral Microbiomes of Elderly Patients with Initial Periodontitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Ying-Hui Zhou ◽  
Ya-Qiong Zhao ◽  
Yao Feng ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Immune System Diseases ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Periodontitis is a globally prevalent disease that imposes a functional and aesthetic burden on patients. The oral microbiome influences human health. The aim of this study was at assessing gender variation in the subgingival bacterial microbiome of elderly patients with initial periodontitis and to determine the causes of this variation. Twelve males and twenty females (range 50–68 years old) with initial periodontitis provided subgingival plaque samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, QIIME-based data processing, and statistical analyses were carried out using several different analytical approaches to detect differences in the oral microbiome between the two groups. Males had higher Chao1 index, observed species, and phylogenetic diversity whole tree values than females. Analysis of β-diversity indicated that the samples were reasonably divided by the gender. The linear discriminant analysis effect size showed that the most representative biomarkers were the genus Haemophilus in males, whereas the dominant bacteria in females were Campylobacter. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that predicting changes in the female oral microbiota may be related to the immune system and immune system diseases are the main factor in males. These data suggest that gender may be a differentiating factor in the microbial composition of subgingival plaques in elderly patients with initial periodontitis. These results could deepen our understanding of the role of gender in the oral microbiota present during initial periodontitis.

scholarly journals Power Play of Commensal Bacteria in the Buccal Cavity of Female Nile Tilapia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousri Abdelhafiz ◽  
Jorge M. O. Fernandes ◽  
Erika Stefani ◽  
Davide Albanese ◽  
Claudio Donati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Power Play

Fish are widely exposed to higher microbial loads compared to land and air animals. It is known that the microbiome plays an essential role in the health and development of the host. The oral microbiome is vital in females of different organisms, including the maternal mouthbrooding species such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The present study reports for the first time the microbial composition in the buccal cavity of female and male Nile tilapia reared in a recirculating aquaculture system. Mucus samples were collected from the buccal cavity of 58 adult fish (∼1 kg), and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to profile the microbial communities in females and males. The analysis revealed that opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus sp. were less abundant in the female buccal cavity. The power play of certain bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Acidobacteria (GP4 and GP6), and Saccharibacteria that have known metabolic advantages was evident in females compared to males. Association networks inferred from relative abundances showed few microbe–microbe interactions of opportunistic pathogens in female fish. The findings of opportunistic bacteria and their interactions with other microbes will be valuable for improving Nile tilapia rearing practices. The presence of bacteria with specific functions in the buccal cavity of female fish points to their ability to create a protective microbial ecosystem for the offspring.

scholarly journals Efficacy of sealants and bonding materials during fixed orthodontic treatment to prevent enamel demineralization: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kamber ◽  
H. Meyer-Lueckel ◽  
D. Kloukos ◽  
C. Tennert ◽  
R. J. Wierichs
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Laser Fluorescence ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fluoride Release ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

AbstractTo analyse clinical studies investigating coating agents such as sealants and other bonding materials to prevent the initiation or inhibit the progress of white spot lesions (WSL) during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Electronic databases (Pubmed, CENTRAL, EMBASE) were screened for studies. No language restrictions were applied. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were done in duplicate. Primary outcome included assessment of WSL with visual-tactile assessment and/or laser fluorescence measurements. Twenty-four studies with 1117 patients (age: 11–40 years) and 12,809 teeth were included. Overall, 34 different sealants or bonding materials were analysed. Fourteen studies analysed fluoride and 14 studies non-fluoride releasing materials. Meta-analysis for visual tactile assessment revealed that sealants significantly decreased the initiation of WSL compared to untreated control (RR [95%CI] = 0.70 [0.53; 0.93]; very low level of evidence). Materials releasing fluoride did not decrease initiation of WSL compared to those with no fluoride release (RR [95%CI] = 0.84 [0.70; 1.01]; very low level of evidence). For laser fluorescence measurements no meta-analysis could be performed. The use of sealants seems to be effective in preventing the initiation of post-orthodontic WSL. Furthermore, there is no evidence supporting that fluoride-releasing sealants or bonding materials are more effective than those without fluoride release. No gold standard prevention strategy to prevent WSL during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances has been established yet. However, based on only a limited number of studies the use of sealants seems to be effective in preventing the initiation of post-orthodontic WSL.

scholarly journals The impact of labial fixed appliance orthodontic treatment on patient expectation, experience, and satisfaction: an overview of systematic reviews

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassir A Yassir ◽  
Grant T McIntyre ◽  
David R Bearn
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Patient Perception ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Patient Expectation ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
The Impact

Summary Background Patient perception with fixed appliance orthodontic treatment is important to improve oral health-related quality of life. Objective The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of labial fixed appliance orthodontic care on patient perception before, during, and after the treatment. Search methods Relevant systematic reviews investigating patient perception with fixed appliance orthodontic treatment were identified by searching electronic databases: MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 31 December 2018), EMBASE (1974 to 31 December 2018), AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database; 1985 to November 2018), PubMed (inception to 31 December 2018), Web of Science (1900 to 2018), and PsychINFO (1806 to 31 December 2018). Ongoing systematic reviews were searched using Prospero and a grey literature search was undertaken using Google Scholar and OpenGrey (www.opengrey.eu/). No language restriction was applied. Selection criteria Only studies investigating patient perception of fixed appliance orthodontic treatment were included. Data collection and analysis Screening, quality assessment [using the AMSTAR 2 tool (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews)], and data extraction were performed by two authors independently. Information was categorized and narratively synthesized for the key findings. Results A total of 163 articles investigating patient expectation, experience, and satisfaction with conventional ligation labial fixed orthodontic appliances were obtained. Of these, 152 observational or interventional studies were excluded, resulting in 11 eligible systematic reviews. Two were excluded as earlier reports of a Cochrane review. The quality of the reviews was variable (critically low, low, and moderate). The findings were as follows: aesthetics represents a primary motive for orthodontic treatment; a temporary deterioration in the quality of life occurs during the initial phases of treatment; gender and ethnicity factors do not have an impact on patient perception of treatment; and a positive relationship between orthodontist–patient–parent is important to achieve patient compliance and satisfaction. Conclusions There is a lack of high-quality studies in terms of systematic reviews and meta-analyses for assessing patient perception with fixed appliance orthodontic treatment. The aesthetic impact of malocclusion is the main motive for seeking orthodontic treatment. Quality of life reduces during the initial stages of orthodontic treatment but improves in the later stages of treatment. Assessment before, during, and after orthodontic treatment is necessary to comprehensively assess patient perception at all stages of care. Trial registration CRD42019122653. Conflict of Interest None to declare.

scholarly journals Association of Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 Polymorphisms, Oral Microbiota, and Rheumatoid Arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1460-1472
Author(s):  
Vivianne Cruz de Jesus ◽  
Manu Singh ◽  
Robert J. Schroth ◽  
Prashen Chelikani ◽  
Carol A. Hitchon
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
The Impact

The association of taste genetics and the oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been reported. We explored a novel oral mucosal innate immune pathway involving the bitter taste G protein-coupled receptor T2R38. This case–control study aimed to evaluate whether T2R38 polymorphisms associate with the buccal microbial composition in RA. Genomic DNA was obtained from buccal swabs of 35 RA patients and 64 non-RA controls. TAS2R38 genotypes were determined by Sanger sequencing. The buccal microbiome was assessed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4-16S rRNA gene. Bacterial community differences were analyzed with alpha and beta diversity measures. Linear discriminant analysis effect size identified taxa discriminating between RA versus non-RA and across TAS2R38 genotypes. TAS2R38 genotype frequency was similar between RA and non-RA controls (PAV/PAV; PAV/AVI; AVI/AVI: RA 42.9%; 45.7%; 11.4% versus controls 32.8%; 48.4%; 18.8%, chi-square (2, N = 99) = 2.1, p = 0.35). The relative abundance of Porphyromonas, among others, differed between RA and non-RA controls. The relative abundance of several bacterial species also differed across TAS2R38 genotypes. These findings suggest an association between T2R38 polymorphisms and RA buccal microbial composition. However, further research is needed to understand the impact of T2R38 in oral health and RA development.

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