scholarly journals Evaluation of the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Some Chewing Sticks Commonly Used for Oral Hygiene in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Edward Ken Essuman ◽  
Adjoa Agyemang Boakye ◽  
Clement Okraku Tettey ◽  
Gaston Hunkpe ◽  
Nii Korley Kortei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Chewing Sticks

Microbial etiology of diarrhea is a significant cause of death, especially in children in developing countries. The presence of microbes that are resistant to current treatment options for diarrhea suggests the need to find newer antimicrobial agents for treatment. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the antimicrobial effect of some Ghanaian chewing sticks commonly used for oral hygiene, Azadirachta indica, Garcinia afzelii, and Garcinia kola, against selected diarrhea-causing organisms. From the stem and bark of each plant, 70% methanolic extract was experimented on Salmonella and Shigella species, namely, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexeneri, Salmonella typhinirium enterica, Salmonella typhi attenuated, and Klebsiella oxytoca for microbial susceptibility using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant profile of the methanolic extracts were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) scavenging activities, and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays, while the total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. G. afzelii and A. indica stem demonstrated the highest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of all test organisms. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated high antioxidant potential and were found to possess significant amounts of phenolic compounds. Therefore, methanolic extracts of G. afzelii and A. indica stem are promising candidates for the identification of safe novel compounds to mitigate diarrheal diseases.

scholarly journals In-vitro antimicrobial activity of different toothpastes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Bikram Gautam ◽  
Elisa Dongol ◽  
Anima Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Test Organisms

Background: Tooth brushing with toothpaste is the most widely practiced form of oral hygiene. Toothpaste aids to improve oral hygiene and effective plaque removal. A wide range of chemicals, mainly antimicrobial agents, have been added to toothpastes which kill microorganisms by disrupting their cell walls and inhibiting their enzymatic activity.Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of toothpastes.Methods: Eight (Two herbal and six regular) toothpastes were selected for the study. The study was conducted from October to November 2016 at St. Xavier’s College’s microbiology laboratory. Antimicrobial activity of toothpastes were assessed by measuring inhibition zones by broth dilution method and agar well diffusion method.Results: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration determination by tube dilution method and cup well diffusion method was found to be same. The antimicrobial activity on test organisms was shown by all toothpastes (TH1, TH2, TR3, TR4, TR5, TR6, TR7 and TR8). Antimicrobial activity of all toothpastes were almost the same and was statistically significant (t>0.05)Conclusion: All eight toothpastes aids in lower microbial load. However, no toothpaste showed bactericidal and fungicidal effect against the tested microbes. The toothpaste containing only natural active ingredients were found to be more effective than the toothpaste containing chemical active agent followed by weaker antimicrobial effect given by the toothpaste containing both natural and chemical active ingredient as an antimicrobial agent.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effects of Egyptian Local Chicory,Cichorium endiviasubsp. pumilum

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Amer
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The discovery of novel and more efficient antimicrobial agents from natural sources like plants is one of the most important ways through which the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens can be overcome. Herein, we report the potential antimicrobial activity ofCichorium endiviaL.subsp.pumilum. Different concentrations of various solvent extracts prepared from several parts of chicory were tested for their antimicrobial effect against a panel of microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the well diffusion method, where zones of inhibition were used as indicators of antimicrobial activity. The results indicated the superiority of seed extracts over both leaf and root extracts. Methanol extracts showed higher activity compared with chloroform and water extracts. Increased solvent extract concentration was accompanied by a parallel increase in the diameter of the inhibition zone. Gram-positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. On a whole, the highest observed inhibition zones (21.3 ± 0.6 and 20.1 ± 0.4 mm) were recorded with the methanolic extract of chicory seeds againstS. aureusandB. cereus, respectively.These results offer insights into the antimicrobial potency of this Egyptian local plant and provide a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological research.

scholarly journals Assessment of Antimicrobial Effect of Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts of Garcinia kola on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1519-1522
Author(s):  
A. Banso ◽  
B.F. Banso ◽  
A.A. Koleola
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Development Of Resistance

As a result of the development of resistance of microorganisms to older antimicrobial agents there is need for a search for new agents, which are effective for the treatment of infections. The crude aqueous and alcoholic extr acts of Garcinia kola fruits were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results revealed that the plant extracts possess inhibitory effect against the microorganisms tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts ranged between 20mg/ml and 45mg/ml. There was a change in the antibacterial activity of the test extracts on variation of temperature. The results obtained may suggest that the plant extract is thermal stable and could serve as a source of industrial drugs useful in chemotherapy of some microbial infections. Keywords: Garcinia kola, microorganisms, inhibitory, chemotherapy, drug

Molecular docking and in-vitro analysis of Fagonia cretica and Berberis lyceum extract against Brucella melitensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ijaz Muhammad ◽  
Sadaf Niaz ◽  
Gul E Nayab ◽  
Anwar Hussain ◽  
Saghir Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Homology Model ◽  
Malate Synthase ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Cytotoxic Factor ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Background: Brucellosis is an economically important zoonotic disease caused by the gram negative bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella. Medicinal plants are well known for a wide variety of potential antimicrobial agents that can be used as anti-microbial drugs. Method: In the present study, crude ethanol and methanol extracts of local plants (Berberies lyceum and Fagonia cretica) were tested in vitro against Brucella melitensis via well diffusion method for their antibacterial activity. In in-silico study, phytochemicals previously identified in the selected plants were docked with homology model of the cytotoxic factor malate synthase G (MSG) highly conserved among Brucella spp., in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) to predict a potential drug against B. melitensis. Molecular dynamic simulation was performed to predict the stability of MSG through MOE. Result: Ethanolic crude extracts of B. lyceum showed maximum zone of inhibition (32.5 mm) followed by methanolic extracts (30 mm), while ethanolic extracts of F. cretica showed zone of inhibition (29 mm) followed by methanolic extracts (27.5 mm). In silico screening predicted phytic acid as the most potent inhibitor followed by jehlumine, barbamine, oxyberberine and sindamine. Conclusion: The synergistic utilization of phytochemicals derived from B. lyceum may potentially provide protection against B. melitensis.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF CTX-M-PRODUCING GRAM-NEGATIVE UROPATHOGENS IN SOKOTO, NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
NUHU TANKO ◽  
R. O. BOLAJI ◽  
B. O. OLAYINKA ◽  
O. B. B. EUGENE
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Edwardsiella Tarda ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Synergy Test

Objective: Infections of the urinary tract remains one of the most common bacterial infections with many implicated organisms being Gram-negative, which are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance of ESBL producing Gram-negative enterobacteriaceae to commonly prescribed antibiotics and the prevalence of CTX-M genes from these isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: The isolates were collected from urine over a period of 4 mo and studied, and were identified using Microgen Identification Kit (GN-ID). Susceptibility testing was performed by the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) production was detected by the double-disc synergy test (DDST). Molecular characterization was based on the isolates that were positive for the phenotypic detection of ESBL. Results: Sixty one (61) isolates of Gram-negative uropathogens were identified. Of these, 19 (31.2%) were E. coli, 15 (24.6%) were Salmonella arizonae, Klebsiella pneumoniae were 7 (11.5%), Klebsiella oxytoca were 3 (4.9%), Enterobacter gergoviae were 6 (9.8%), 4 (6.6%) were Citrobacter freundii, 4 (6.6%) were Serratia marscence, and 1 (1.6%) were Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Edwardsiella tarda each. Analysis of the bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics revealed most of them to be generally resistant to cotrimoxazole (73.3%), nalidixic acid (66.7%), norfloxacin (53.5%), ciprofloxacin (50.5%), gentamicin (48.6%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (45%), and the least resistant was displayed in nitrofurantoin (30%). Of the 15 ESBL producers, 11 (73.3%) were harbouring bla CTX-M genes. Conclusion: The study revealed a high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, whereas susceptibility to cotrimoxazole was lowest. It further portrays a high prevalence of enterobacteriaceae isolates harbouring bla CTX-M genes in Sokoto metropolis.

scholarly journals ESBL Production Among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Causing Urinary Tract Infection: A Hospital Based Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Shakya ◽  
Dhiraj Shrestha ◽  
Elina Maharjan ◽  
Vijay K. Sharma ◽  
Rabin Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Bacteriuria ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Introduction:Increase in extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing microbes in recent years has led to limitations of treatment options. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBL producingE. coliandKlebsiellaspp. at a tertiary hospital in Nepal.Methods:A total of 2209 non-repetitive mid-stream urine (MSU) samples were collected during the study period (March to September 2014). Identification of the isolates was done by Gram's staining followed by biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines, 2013. ESBL screening amongE. coliandKlebsiellaspp. isolates were done using ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefpodoxime. The confirmation was done by phenotypic disc diffusion test (combined disc method) using ceftazidime (30µg) and ceftazidime plus clavulanic acid (30/10µg), and cefotaxime (30µg) and cefotaxime plus clavulanic acid (30/10µg) disc as per CLSI guidelines.Results:A total of 451 samples showed significant bacteriuria with 365 (80.9%)E. coli, 17 (3.8%)Klebsiella pneumoniaeand 3 (0.7%)Klebsiella oxytoca. Of 451 isolates, 236 (52.3%) were found MDR strains. By combined disk test, 33 (91.7%)E. coliand 3 (8.3%)Klebsiellaspp. were found ESBL producers.Conclusion:Higher prevalence of ESBL producingE. coliandKlebsiellaspp. was observed warranting prompt need of surveillance for effective management of such MDR strains.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Methanolic Extracts from Different Parts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Cultivated in Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 2641-2651
Author(s):  
Toncho Dinev ◽  
Milena Tzanova ◽  
Nikolina Rusenova ◽  
Neli Grozeva ◽  
Mariya Gerdzhikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Different Parts

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant species which is frequently used not only as a sweetener, but also for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Nowadays, there are a large number of studies on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of S. rebaudiana leaves, but there are almost no data about the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of extracts from the other parts of S. rebaudiana. The aim of the present study is to provide data of the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts from different parts of S. rebaudiana (flowers, leaves, stems, rhizomes, and tubers) cultivated in Bulgaria. Antibacterial activity of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli was evaluated by agar well diffusion method, rutin content - by HPLC method, total phenolic content and radical scavenging potential - by UV-Vis analysis. S. rebaudiana extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity mainly against S. aureus - flower extracts expressed the highest activity, followed by the leaf and stem extracts. Only flower and leaf extracts demonstrated very low antibacterial activity against B. cereus. S. rebaudiana extracts did not show any antibacterial activity against E. coli. Methanolic extracts of this plant are rich in antioxidants. The highest concentrations of rutin and total phenols were found in the rhizomes of the plants, followed by the leaves, tubers, flowers, and stems, which corresponded to the radical scavenging potential of the same plant part. Comparisons between Trolox equivalents and gallic acid equivalents in different parts of S. rebaudiana on one hand, and Trolox equivalents and rutin concentration on the other hand showed a positive dependence and high values of the Pearson correlation - 0.9612 and 0.9707, respectively. The most important part of S. rebaudiana with medicinal significance (the leaves) has both comparatively good antibacterial activity and high antioxidant content, although the flowers and rhizomes expressed higher antibacterial and antioxidant activity, respectively. The experimental results imply that the cultivation area and climatic conditions of Bulgaria are very suitable for cultivation of S. rebaudiana plants with high content of antioxidants.

Anti-Microbial Study of Bhagottar Gutika

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Krishna M. Ekabote ◽  
Dr. M. C. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
The World ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Very High ◽  
Microbial Study

Modern science has made tremendous progress and acquired deep knowledge about Micro-organisms. But still infections caused by these, still ranks very high as a cause of death in the world. Even though there are number of Antibiotics present and new are being developed, the Micro-organisms are developing resistance towards these Antibiotics, hence there is need to find out a better medicine which can contradict all the Micro-organisms. In Ayurveda various formulations are mentioned and well documented, those are having the antimicrobial effect. This is the time to re-establish the effect of antimicrobial agents by proving it clinically or experimentally. Their effect will be evaluated by comparing with the standard drugs (Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin,) which are in use now. The formulation taken for the study is Bhagottar Gutika. Its antimicrobial study will be done experimentally by adopting cup-plate diffusion method. The study does not require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on patients or animals.

Antimicrobial effect of phenazines produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from saline soil of Mina River, Algeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Hicham Dahah ◽  
Rachid Djibaoui ◽  
Saïd Nemmiche
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
River Region ◽  
Wide Range

Several strains of environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been used in biotechnology to produce beneficial metabolites in medicine and agriculture. Many secondary metabolites are secreted throughout their growth where phenazines are one among the most known stronger metabolites. The phenazines are antimicrobial substances inhibiting a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. In order to exploit the antimicrobial effect of P. aeruginosa and its pheanzines we do isolate the studied bacteria from saline soil collected from Mina river region (Relizane, Algeria). Ten isolates belonged to Pseudomonas were selected by an antagonistic test, one of isolates was identified as P. aeruginosa and selected for phenazines production. Phenazines were produced using King A broth medium, extracted by ethyl acetate and purified by silica gel chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract containing phenazines was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against a number of pathogen microorganisms and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. The results indicated that the crude phenazines solution was effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Shigella sonnei and Candida albicans. The characterization of purified phenazines extract by HPLC showed a peak similar to the standard. The results of this study will contribute in the identification of the potential of phenazines naturally-occurring substances as antimicrobial agents.

EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS ON TEETH MICROFLORA

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Vaishnavi Shet ◽  
Shreya Chodankar ◽  
Snehal Sawant ◽  
Crisha Gomes ◽  
Vandita Kandolkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive

The oral cavity provides an ideal environment for the growth of microbiota. Many of the bacterial species in the oral cavity are involved in dental caries. Acidogenic and aciduric Gram positive bacteria, metabolize sucrose to organic acid, which dissolves the calcium phosphate in the teeth resulting in decalcication and nally causing decay. Therapeutic drugs used to treat dental diseases may have many undesirable effects such as diarrhea, vomiting and tooth staining. Therefore, natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used in traditional medicines are considered as a good alternative to synthetic chemicals. Therapeutic and chemical methods are costly but there are many easily available plants which we can use for cleaning our teeth and maintaining our oral hygiene. A study was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial effect of , , Psidium guajava Mangifera indica Anacardium occidentale Azadirachta indica and on oral normal microora. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were prepared and was tested against the three isolates from the oral cavity using Agar well diffusion method namely Gram positive αhaemolytic cocci in chain, Gram positive non-haemolytic cocci in chain and Gram positive bacilli. and Psidium guajava Anacardium occidentale was found to be effective against the isolates. From this study and have shown Psidium guajava Anacardium occidentale great potential to act as natural and cost effective alternative for maintaining oral hygiene.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document