scholarly journals Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Clathria sp. 1 and Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta Sponge Crude Extracts Obtained from the South East Coast of South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Wasswa Cuthbert Kibungu ◽  
Anna-Maria Clarke ◽  
Justine Fri ◽  
Henry Akum Njom
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sponge Species ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Scientists have continuously searched for novel bioactive compounds to overcome the inherent problems associated with drug resistance, the evolution of unknown diseases, and the toxicity of currently used compounds. The ocean has been considered a rich source of compounds that possess unique chemical structures and novel biological capabilities. Biologically active molecules isolated from marine flora and fauna have shown significant advancement over the past century in the pharmaceutical industry. Marine natural products (MNPs) have been used as nanomedicine, cosmetics, wound healing, antimicrobial agents, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory agents. The physicochemical parameters of the collection site were also recorded. This study’s marine sponge species were collected from Phillip’s Reef, South Africa, at 12 m during the spring season. Ethyl acetate (EA) and dichloromethane : methanol (DCM : ME, 1 : 1) were used as extraction solvents. Crude extracts of the marine sponges were tested against MRSA, P. aeruginosa, C. difficile, A. fumigatus, and C. albicans. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify seven critical phytochemical groups. A pH reading of 8.01 and a temperature of 15.45°C were recorded at the sampling site. Clathria sp. 1 and Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta EA crude extracts showed bioactivity against all five test pathogens. The DCM : ME crude extract of Clathria sp. 1 was the only bioactive crude extract from DCM : ME extracts. This crude extract was only bioactive against C. albicans as no activity was observed against the other four pathogens. EA crude extracts of Clathria sp. 1 yielded more significant inhibition zones against both fungal pathogens. These EA crude extracts performed better than fluconazole as inhibition zones of 35 ± 0   mm at 24 mg/ml, 31 ± 0   mm at 19 mg/ml, 31 ± 0   mm at 14.4 mg/ml, 30 ± 0   mm at 9.6 mg/ml, and 25 ± 0   mm at 7.2 mg/ml were recorded. Clathria sp. 1 crude extracts exhibited higher inhibition zones compared to Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta. The antibiotic imipenem ( 26 ± 0.7   mm at 10 μg) and ciprofloxacin ( 30 ± 0.3   mm at 5 μg) exhibited higher zones of inhibition than EA crude extracts of Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta at all test concentrations. In this study, Clathria sp. 1 was observed to have broad-spectrum bioactivity as EA crude extracts were bioactive against MRSA, P. aeruginosa, C. difficile, A. fumigatus, and C. albicans. In addition to this, the EA crude extract of Clathria sp. 1 was bacteriostatic (9.6 mg/ml). Clathria sp. 1 DCM : ME crude extract only tested positive for the presence of terpenoids. In contrast, EA crude extracts did not test positive for the existence of any of the seven phytochemicals. Our study has revealed that Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta and Clathria sp. 1 sponge species collected from Phillip’s Reef in South Africa can produce bioactive compounds useful against bacterial and fungal species.

Phytochemical screening for identification of bioactive compounds of Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) responsible for larvicidal action against Aedes triseriatus Say, 1823 (Diptera : Culicidae)

ENTOMON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
Rhitayu Chakraborti ◽  
Probir Kumar Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Aedes Triseriatus ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Lc50 Value

Study to assess the larvicidal property of Lantana camara leaves against Aedes triseriatus larvae found that the ethyl acetate extract had profound larvicidal action with the crude extract having a LC50 value of 409.831ppm. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract confirmed the presence of twenty-one compounds out of which beta-caryophyllene covered the highest percentage of the chromatogram area. Further tests with beta-caryophyllene against the mosquito larvae proved it to be the active ingredient of L. Camara with a LC50 value of 104.243ppm.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Psammaplysilla sp. 1 from Phillips Reef, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Wasswa Cuthbert Kibungu ◽  
Justine Fri ◽  
Anna-Maria Clarke ◽  
Anthony Otigbu ◽  
Henry Akum Njom
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
South African ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Assay

Marine invertebrates constitute a diverse group of marine organisms beneficial to humanity due to their therapeutic significance. The marine sponge species Psammaplysilla sp. 1 was collected from Philips Reef, South Africa, over a four-season period and assayed for antimicrobial potential. The physicochemical parameters of the collection site were also recorded. The sponge crude extracts’ antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar well diffusion assay against 5 pathogens. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the presence of 7 critical phytochemical groups. During the four seasons, the mean water temperature was 17.35°C ± 2.06, with autumn recording the highest (20°C) temperature. Antifungal activity was observed by Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (30 mm) against C. albicans, and this was higher than that showed by standard drugs ICZ-10 µg (15 ± 0.1 mm), FLU-15 µg (21 ± 0.2 mm), and VCZ-5 µg (17 ± 0.1 mm), respectively. Similar bioactivities were observed seasonally with Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (22 mm and 24 mm) during autumn and spring, respectively, against C. difficile while only crude extracts collected in spring showed bioactivity against C. albicans. Psammaplysilla sp. crude extracts showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against all test pathogens. DCM : ME crude extracts tested positive for the presence of 2/7 of the phytochemicals (terpenoids and flavonoids). GC-MS revealed several previously reported biologically active compounds such bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-ol and phenol, 2,6-dibromo, some of which have been found in plants. This study revealed that sponge bioactivity is dependent on the season and further validated the antimicrobial potential of South African marine sponges.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Psammaplysilla Sp. 1 From Phillip’s Reef, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuthbert Kibungu ◽  
Anthony Otigbu ◽  
Anna-Maria Clarke ◽  
Fri Justine ◽  
Henry Njom
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
South African ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Assay

Abstract Marine invertebrates constitute a diverse group of marine organisms beneficial to humankind due to their therapeutic significance. The marine sponge species Psammaplysilla sp. 1 was collected from Philips Reef, South Africa, over a four-season period and assayed for antimicrobial potential. The physicochemical parameters of the collection site were also recorded. The sponge crude extracts' antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar well diffusion assay against five pathogens. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the presence of 7 critical phytochemical groups. During the four seasons, the temperature was 17.35 oC ± 2.06, with autumn recording the highest (20 oC) temperature. Antifungal activity was observed by Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (30 mm) against C. albicans, and this was higher than that shown by standard drugs ICZ-10µg (15 ± 0.1 mm), FLU-15µg (21 ± 0.2 mm), VCZ-5µg (17 ± 0.1 mm) respectively. Similar bioactivities were observed seasonally with Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (22 mm and 24 mm) during autumn and spring, respectively, against C. difficile, while only crude extracts collected in spring showed bioactivity against C. albicans. Psammaplysilla sp crude extracts showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against all test pathogens. DCM:ME crude extracts tested positive for the presence of 2/7 of the phytochemicals (terpenoids and flavonoids). GC-MS revealed several previously reported biologically active compounds such as Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-ol and Phenol, 2,6-dibromo has been found in plants. This study revealed that sponge bioactivity is dependent on the season and further validated the antimicrobial potential of South African marine sponges.

scholarly journals Secondary metabolites and biodiversity of actinomycetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Selim Mohamed Selim ◽  
Sayeda Abdelrazek Abdelhamid ◽  
Sahar Saleh Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The ability to produce microbial bioactive compounds makes actinobacteria one of the most explored microbes among prokaryotes. The secondary metabolites of actinobacteria are known for their role in various physiological, cellular, and biological processes. Main body Actinomycetes are widely distributed in natural ecosystem habitats such as soil, rhizosphere soil, actinmycorrhizal plants, hypersaline soil, limestone, freshwater, marine, sponges, volcanic cave—hot spot, desert, air, insects gut, earthworm castings, goat feces, and endophytic actinomycetes. The most important features of microbial bioactive compounds are that they have specific microbial producers: their diverse bioactivities and their unique chemical structures. Actinomycetes represent a source of biologically active secondary metabolites like antibiotics, biopesticide agents, plant growth hormones, antitumor compounds, antiviral agents, pharmacological compounds, pigments, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, anti-inflammatory compounds, single-cell protein feed, and biosurfactant. Short conclusions Further highlight that compounds derived from actinobacteria can be applied in a wide range of industrial applications in biomedicines and the ecological habitat is under-explored and yet to be investigated for unknown, rare actinomycetes diversity.

scholarly journals Effects similar to anxiolysis in an organic extract of Stypopodium zonale on an anxiety-related behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keysh Mejías ◽  
Grisel Robles ◽  
Zulmari Martínez ◽  
Anamaris Torres ◽  
Lee Algarín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Organic Extract ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Stypopodium Zonale ◽  
Behavioral Trials

Nature has a great diversity of organisms whose bioactive compounds may potentially be studied. When it comes to aquatic life we find that algae are organisms that are well suited for screening and identification of bioactive compounds due to their widespread distribution in both salt and freshwater. Our hypothesis is that a crude organic extract of the brown algae Stypopodium zonale can decrease anxiety-related behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster. Stypopodium zonale was collected in the south coast of Puerto Rico and the potential anxiolytic-like effects of the extract were studied in an anxiogenic-like behavioral paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster. This behavior is called centrophobia and is measured using an Open Field Arena (OFA). Validation of the paradigm gave the expected results as reported in the literature, in which Drosophila exhibits a phobia (avoidance) of remaining in the center of the OFA, which corresponds to a behavior with anxiety components. The organic extract was dissolved with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Toxicity tests were performed both for DMSO and the crude organic extract, and neither showed positive results. To perform the behavioral trials, 1 mL of the crude extract and 4 mL of water were mixed with 1.8 g of Drosophila food. The final concentration of the crude extract in the food was 5.4 mg/mL. The adult flies were grown in a tube with the extract until a considerable quantity of larvae was observed, and then the adults were removed. These new larvae, once turned into adult flies, were used for the behavioral trials. The behavior of control flies (food without extract) and experimental flies (extract containing food) was recorded with a video camera and the results of the centrophobic behavior were analyzed and compared using quantitative criteria. Both the control and experimental trials were performed in triplicate. The results show that flies grown in food containing the crude extract present a significant reduction in centrophobia compared with control flies. In conclusion, our results suggest that the organic crude extract from Stypopodium zonale has anxiolytic-like effects in a Drosophila melanogaster model with anxiety components. We are currently performing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies on the crude extracts to identify the most abundant secondary metabolites. Future experiments should include the administration of the crude extracts (or fractions of the most abundant secondary metabolites) to a vertebrate model in to test the effect in a behavior with anxiety components. We are also in the process of developing a preliminary model of possible mechanisms of action of the crude organic extract in the reduction of centrophobia. KEYWORDS: Anxiety; Algae; Drosophila melanogaster; Open Field Arena; Organic extracts; Centrophobia; Stypopodium zonale

scholarly journals Bioactive compounds from an endophytic fungi Nigrospora aurantiaca

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safwan Safwan ◽  
George Hsiao ◽  
Tzong-Huei Lee ◽  
Ching-Kuo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Strain ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
No Production ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Melaleuca Leucadendra

Abstract Background Many groups of fungi live as an endophyte in plants. Both published and undiscovered bioactive compounds can be found in endophytic fungi. Various biological activities of bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi had been reported, including anti-inflammatory and anticancerous effects. The chemical investigation of biologically active compounds from endophytic fungi Melaleuca leucadendra Linn. have not yet been stated. Results One new compound, namely nigaurdiol (1), along with five known compounds, xyloketal K (2), bostrycin (3), deoxybostrycin (4), xylanthraquinone (5), and ergosterol (6), were isolated from the Melaleuca leucadendra Linn. associated fungal strain Nigrospora aurantiaca#TMU062. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data and compared with literature. All isolated compounds were evaluated for inhibitory effect of NO production in LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. Conclusions Compound 6 exhibited considerable inhibitory effect on NO production with IC50 values of 7.2 ± 1.4 µM and the survival rate of the cells was 90.8 ± 6.7% at the concentration of 10 µM.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Basis for Traditional Use of theLippia thymoides

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Souza Silva ◽  
Pedro Modesto Nascimento Menezes ◽  
Pedro Guilherme Souza de Sá ◽  
André Luís de Santana Oliveira ◽  
Eric Alencar Araújo Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Crude Extracts

The aim of this study was to evaluate crude extracts and fractions from leaves and stems ofLippia thymoidesand to validate their use in folk medicine.In vitroantioxidant and antimicrobial activities andin vivowound healing in rats, baker yeast-induced fever in young rats, and acute oral toxicity in mice assays were realized. The crude extracts and their dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions had potent radical-scavenging activity against the DPPH but were not effective in theβ-carotene bleaching method. The dichloromethane fraction from the leaves extract showed the broadest spectrum of activity againstS. aureus,B. cereus, andC. parapsilosis. The animals treated with crude extracts showed no difference in wound healing when compared with the negative control group. The crude extract from leaves (1200 mg/kg) has equal efficacy in reducing temperature in rats with hyperpyrexia compared to dipyrone (240 mg/kg) and is better than paracetamol (150 mg/kg). In acute toxicity test, crude extract of leaves fromLippia thymoidesexhibited no mortality and behavioral changes and no adverse effects in male and female mice. This work validates the popular use ofLippia thymoidesfor treating the wound and fever, providing a source for biologically active substances.

Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Michael Russelle Alvarez ◽  
Paolo Robert Bueno ◽  
Raymond Oliver Cruz ◽  
Richard Macapulay ◽  
Francis Jayson Vallesfin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. ­Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested ­positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana

Metabolomics and Pharmacological Screening of Aspergillus versicolor Isolated from Hyrtios erectus Red Sea Sponge; Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1083-1102
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Shreadah ◽  
Nehad M.A. El Moneam ◽  
Samy A. El-Assar ◽  
Asmaa Nabil-Adam
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Aspergillus Versicolor ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pharmacological Screening

Background: Aspergillus Versicolor is a marine-derived fungus isolated from Hyrtios Erectus Red Sea sponge. Methods: The aim of this study was to carry out a pharmacological screening and investigation for the in vitro biological activity (antioxidant, cholinergic, antidiabetic and anticancer) of Aspergillus Versicolor crude extract’s active compounds by using different qualitative and quantitative methods. Results: The present study results showed that Aspergillus Versicolor crude extracts contain 0.6 mg total phenolic/mg crude extract. Aspergillus Versicolor also showed a potent antioxidative capacity by decreasing the oxidation of ABTS. The anticancer and inhibitory effects of Aspergillus Versicolor crude extracts on PTK and SHKI were found to be 75.29 % and 80.76%; respectively. The AChE inhibitory assay revealed that Aspergillus Versicolor extracts had an inhibitory percentage of 86.67%. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity using COX1, COX2, TNF, and IL6 was 77.32, 85.21 %, 59.83%, and 56.15%; respectively. Additionally, the anti-viral effect using reverse transcriptase enzyme showed high antiviral activity with 92.10 %. Conclusion: The current study confirmed that the Aspergillus versicolor crude extract and its active constituents showed strong effects on diminishing the oxidative stress, neurodegenerative damage, antiinflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-viral, suggesting their beneficial role as a promising fermented product in the treatment of cancer, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral diseases.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Polish “Marynka” Hop Variety Using Efficient Two-Step Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Comparison of Their Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Proliferative Activities In Vitro

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2366
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Klimek ◽  
Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz ◽  
Malgorzata Miazga-Karska ◽  
Agnieszka Dębczak ◽  
Edward Rój ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fluid Extraction

Given the health-beneficial properties of compounds from hop, there is still a growing trend towards developing successful extraction methods with the highest yield and also receiving the products with high added value. The aim of this study was to develop efficient extraction method for isolation of bioactive compounds from the Polish “Marynka” hop variety. The modified two-step supercritical fluid extraction allowed to obtain two hop samples, namely crude extract (E1), composed of α-acids, β-acids, and terpene derivatives, as well as pure xanthohumol with higher yield than that of other available methods. The post-extraction residues (R1) were re-extracted in order to obtain extract E2 enriched in xanthohumol. Then, both samples were subjected to investigation of their antibacterial (anti-acne, anti-caries), cytotoxic, and anti-proliferative activities in vitro. It was demonstrated that extract (E1) possessed more beneficial biological properties than xanthohumol. It exhibited not only better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria strains (MIC, MBC) but also possessed a higher synergistic effect with commercial antibiotics when compared to xanthohumol. Moreover, cell culture experiments revealed that crude extract neither inhibited viability nor divisions of normal skin fibroblasts as strongly as xanthohumol. In turn, calculated selectivity indexes showed that the crude extract had from slightly to significantly better selective anti-proliferative activity towards cancer cells in comparison with xanthohumol.

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