scholarly journals Phytomedicine from Middle Eastern Countries: An Alternative Remedy to Modern Medicine against Candida spp Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zubair Alam ◽  
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Ergosterol Synthesis ◽  
Candida Infections

Candida spp are capable of infecting both normal and immunocompromised individuals. More recently, Candida infections have spread considerably in healthcare settings, especially in intensive care units, where it is the most frequently encountered pathogen. Candida albicans is the commonest species encountered, although infections by non-albicans species have also risen in the past few years. The pathogenicity of Candida is credited to its aptitude to change between yeast and hyphal modes of growth. Candida spp produce biofilms on synthetic materials that protect them and facilitate drug resistance and act as a source for chronic and recurrent infections. Primarily, azoles antifungal agents are utilized to treat Candida infection that targets the ergosterol synthesis pathway in the cell wall. The development of antifungal resistance in Candida species is a major reason for treatment failure, and hence, there is a need to develop newer antifungal molecules and/or modifications of existing antifungals to make them more effective and less toxic. This has led researchers to oversee the plants to discover newer antimicrobials. Middle Eastern countries are well known for their landscape ranging from dry and sandy deserts to snow-capped mountains. However, they comprise enormous plant diversity with over 20,000 different species showing various types of bioactivities, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. Especially, the antifungal potential of these phytoproducts could be exploited in the clinical setting for therapy. The present review examines some of the promising alternative natural compounds that have been tested and found effective in treating Candida infections in vitro in some Middle Eastern countries.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Different Lights and Combined or Uncombined with Chlorhexidine on Candida spp.

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1176
Author(s):  
Vanesa Pérez-Laguna ◽  
Yolanda Barrena-López ◽  
Yolanda Gilaberte ◽  
Antonio Rezusta
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Photodynamic Treatment ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Vitro Effect

Candidiasis is very common and complicated to treat in some cases due to increased resistance to antifungals. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative treatment. It is based on the principle that light of a specific wavelength activates a photosensitizer molecule resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species that are able to kill pathogens. The aim here is the in vitro photoinactivation of three strains of Candida spp., Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258, using aPDT with different sources of irradiation and the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB), alone or in combination with chlorhexidine (CHX). Irradiation was carried out at a fluence of 18 J/cm2 with a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp emitting in red (625 nm) or a white metal halide lamp (WMH) that emits at broad-spectrum white light (420–700 nm). After the photodynamic treatment, the antimicrobial effect is evaluated by counting colony forming units (CFU). MB-aPDT produces a 6 log10 reduction in the number of CFU/100 μL of Candida spp., and the combination with CHX enhances the effect of photoinactivation (effect achieved with lower concentration of MB). Both lamps have similar efficiencies, but the WMH lamp is slightly more efficient. This work opens the doors to a possible clinical application of the combination for resistant or persistent forms of Candida infections.

scholarly journals In vitro Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Nicotiana tabacum L. Extracted in Different Organic Solvents

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemechu Ameya ◽  
Aseer Manilal ◽  
Behailu Merdekios
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Human Pathogens

Background: Controlling infectious disease using medicinal plants is the oldest healthcare known to mankind. Regardless of the enormous advances observed in modern medicine, medicinal plants are still playing vital roles. However, only a small proportion of medicinal plants are examined for bioactive compounds which may vary in different factors. This study aimed to evaluate phytochemical constituent and antimicrobial activities of Nicotiana tabacum L. extracted by different solvents against three set of bacteria. Methods: Nicotiana tabacum L. was collected from the Western Ethiopia and extracted in seven organic solvents. An in-vitro anti-bacterial activity of plant extracts was carried out by agar well diffusion assay against microbial type culture collection of human pathogens, clinical bacterial isolates, and biofilm forming bacteria. Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectroscopic (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine the phytochemical constituents. Results: Antimicrobial activities of plant extract vary by extraction solvents; and ethyl acetate based extracts showed better antimicrobial activities. Of the experimental organisms, biofilm forming uropathogens were the most sensitive while clinical isolates were quite resistant. Analysis of the active ethyl acetate extract by GC-MS evinced a mixture of five volatile compounds; and Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S) was the major compound detected. The overall results of the present study revealed that N. tabacum L extract has high antimicrobial activities against biofilm forming uropathogens. Conclusion: High antimicrobial activity was observed in ethyl acetate extract of N. tabacum against the biofilm forming bacteria whereas the clinically isolated bacteria were the most resistant group. The antibacterial property demonstrated could be due to Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-(S) with a broad spectrum of activity.

Susceptibility of Candida spp. clinical isolates to antimycotics and disinfectants

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-826
Author(s):  
Monika Staniszewska ◽  
Beata Rozbicka ◽  
Aleksandra Rajnisz ◽  
Ewa Bocian ◽  
Ewa Wasińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Biocidal Activity ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Antiseptic Agent ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Candida Infections

AbstractThe incidence of candidiasis among immunocompromised patients and emergence of antimycotics resistant strains has increased significantly. The aims of this study were: to examine the in vitro activity of antimycotics and biocides against Candida clinical isolates; to detect cross-resistance of fungi to these preparations and to estimate whether disinfectants applied in hospital areas are active against clinical Candida isolates. In vitro susceptibility of 102 Candida isolates to eight antimycotics was examined by Etest and ATB Fungus. Sensitivity of these strains to four disinfectants and an antiseptic agent was tested according to EN 1275:2005. Amphotericin B, caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine were the most effective antimycotics against all Candida isolates. Resistance to itraconazole and fluconazole was observed among C. krusei and C. glabrata. The MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations) for ketoconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole against Candida albicans ranged: 0.003 - >32 μg/ml and one strain was resistant to three agents tested. All analysed Candida strains were sensitive to biocides containing either chlorine, aldehyde, alcohol mixtures, glucoprotamin or chlorhexidine gluconate with isopropanol. Sensitivity to these agents was observed at concentrations lower than those concentrations recommended by manufacturers to achieve proper biocidal activity to those preparations. Our data suggest that these disinfectants can be effectively applied in clinical wards to prevent nosocomial Candida infections.

scholarly journals Candida albicans Biofilm Inhibition by Two Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry) Urinary Metabolites: 5-(3′,4′-DihydroxyPhenyl)-γ-Valerolactone and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1492
Author(s):  
Emerenziana Ottaviano ◽  
Giovanna Baron ◽  
Laura Fumagalli ◽  
Jessica Leite ◽  
Elisa Adele Colombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Strain Sc5314 ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Dose Dependent

Candida spp. are pathobionts, as they can switch from commensals to pathogens, responsible for a variety of pathological processes. Adhesion to surfaces, morphological switch and biofilm-forming ability are the recognized virulence factors promoting yeast virulence. Sessile lifestyle also favors fungal persistence and antifungal tolerance. In this study, we investigated, in vitro, the efficacy of two urinary cranberry metabolites, 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxy phenyl)-γ-valerolactone (VAL) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), in inhibiting C. albicans adhesion and biofilm formation. Both the reference strain SC5314 and clinical isolates were used. We evaluated biomass reduction, by confocal microscopy and crystal violet assay, and the possible mechanisms mediating their inhibitory effects. Both VAL and 4-HBA were able to interfere with the yeast adhesion, by modulating the expression of key genes, HWP1 and ALS3. A significant dose-dependent reduction in biofilm biomass and metabolic activity was also recorded. Our data showed that the two cranberry metabolites VAL and 4-HBA could pave the way for drug development, for targeting the very early phases of biofilm formation and for preventing genitourinary Candida infections.

scholarly journals Chitosan-Stabilized Ag Nanoparticles with Superior Biocompatibility and Their Synergistic Antibacterial Effect in Mixtures with Essential Oils

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Cinteza ◽  
Cristina Scomoroscenco ◽  
Sorina Voicu ◽  
Cristina Nistor ◽  
Sabina Nitu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Colloidal Dispersion ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Promising Alternative

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics in fighting multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, their use in medical application is hindered by the public concern regarding the toxicity of metallic nanoparticles. In this study, rationally designed AgNP were produced, in order to balance the antibacterial activity and toxicity. A facile, environmentally friendly synthesis was used for the electrochemical fabrication of AgNPs. Chitosan was employed as the capping agent, both for the stabilization and to improve the biocompatibility. Size, morphology, composition, capping layer, and stability of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized. The in vitro biocompatibility and antimicrobial activities of AgNPs against common Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were evaluated. The results revealed that chitosan-stabilized AgNPs were nontoxic to normal fibroblasts, even at high concentrations, compared to bare nanoparticles, while significant antibacterial activity was recorded. The silver colloidal dispersion was further mixed with essential oils (EO) to increase the biological activity. Synergistic effects at some AgNP–EO ratios were observed, as demonstrated by the fractionary inhibitory concentration values. Our results reveal that the synergistic action of both polymer-stabilized AgNPs and essential oils could provide a significant efficiency against a large variety of microorganisms, with minimal side effects.

scholarly journals Middle Eastern Plant Extracts: An Alternative to Modern Medicine Problems

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Disha Varijakzhan ◽  
Chou-Min Chong ◽  
Aisha Abushelaibi ◽  
Kok-Song Lai ◽  
Swee-Hua Erin Lim
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Middle Eastern countries are primarily known for their dry sand deserts; however, they have a wider physiographic range which includes upland plateau and mountain ranges. The Middle East is home to various types of plants, such as Phoenix dactylifera (date palm tree), Scrophularia striata (herbaceous plants), and Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus). These plants have been found to have various types of bioactivities, such as antimicrobial activities against both bacteria and fungi, in addition to exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects and anti-cancer characteristics which can be utilized in the clinical setting for treatment. Due to limited reviews focusing on plant extracts from the Middle East, we aim to provide a discourse on plants from this region which have various bioactivities and to provide information on the compounds that can be identified from these plants. This is to enhance our understanding to improve modern medicine problems such as antimicrobial resistance and to find an alternative cure for cancer. It is hoped that the collation of information from this review will enable an assessment of the direct role of Middle Eastern plants in providing therapeutic options to address the predicaments in the medical field.

scholarly journals Candida Infections of Medical Devices

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna M. Kojic ◽  
Rabih O. Darouiche
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Catheter Exchange ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Candida Bloodstream Infection

SUMMARY The number of indwelling medical devices is escalating, and an increasing proportion of device-related infections are being caused by Candida spp. Candida spp. produce biofilms on synthetic materials, which facilitates adhesion of the organisms to devices and renders them relatively refractory to medical therapy. Management of device-related Candida infections can be challenging. Removal of the infected device is generally needed to establish cure of Candida infections of medical devices. However, since the pathogenesis of Candida bloodstream infection is complicated, more studies are necessary to determine the role of catheter exchange in patients with both gastrointestinal tract mucositis and indwelling catheters. The medical and economic impact of these infections is enormous.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Aggregation Abilities of Probiotic Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus salivarius Against Oral Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
Darshyna Theena Thayalan ◽  
Rosmaliza Abdullah ◽  
Siti Suraiya Md Noor ◽  
Suharni Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Oral Pathogens

The antagonistic effect of probiotics against oral pathogens merits exploration because these bacteria are beneficial to the host’s health. The antimicrobial activity of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus salivarius, as well as L. casei and L. salivarius combination (1:1), was investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis using agar-well diffusion, auto-aggregation and coaggregation assays. L. salivarius cell-free supernatant (CFS) alone exhibited greater inhibitory effect against Streptococci spp. compared to L. casei CFS alone and the combination. However, no inhibition was observed for Candida spp. L. salivarius alone exhibited significantly stronger auto-aggregation than L. casei alone (p ≤ 0.05) and L. casei and L. salivarius combination. L. salivarius exhibited strong coaggregation ability with Candida spp., followed by Streptococci spp. while L. casei exhibited coaggregation only with Streptococci spp. However, L. casei and L. salivarius combination did not display any coaggregation with all strains. L. salivarius alone exhibited a stronger antagonistic effect on the tested organisms than L. casei alone or in combination. Based on the results, both probiotic strains showed good antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and should be further studied for their human health benefits.

scholarly journals Navigating in vitro bioactivity data: investigating available resources using model compounds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sten Ilmjärv ◽  
Fiona Augsburger ◽  
Jerven Tjalling Bolleman ◽  
Robin Liechti ◽  
Alan James Bridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Available Resources

ABSTRACTModern medicine and an increasingly complex environment contribute to exposure of humans to a large number of chemical compounds, that can potentially be toxic. Although widely used, compound testing in animals has important limitations. In vitro testing provides a promising alternative. However, because of the relative inaccessibility and fragmentation of available data, the in vitro approach largely underperforms its potential. The aim of this study is to investigate how available public online resources (tools and databases) support accessing and distribution of in vitro compound data. We examined 19 public online resources, mapped their features, and evaluated their usability with a set of four model compounds (aspirin, rosiglitazone, valproic acid, and tamoxifen). By investigating compound names and identifiers, we observed extensive variation and inconsistencies in available resources: the synonyms were different, compounds’ structural identifiers (InChI, InChIKey, SMILES and IUPAC systematic name) underperformed in omics databases, identification of compound related metadata (e.g. concentrations used in the experiments) from omics experiments was complex and none of the available resources clearly distinguished between in vivo and in vitro data. In addition, we estimated accessibility of selected public resources using computational queries. Only a few public resources provided access to compound-related data using semantic web technology. The general quality of experiment annotations created further difficulties in identifying data of interest. Therefore, we identified several standardized ontologies with potential to provide an increased accuracy for extensive data retrieval of in vitro compound data. Furthermore, using the examples of our model compounds, we provide recommendations on the use of ontologies by suggesting specific ontology terms to annotate in vitro experimental data when being published.

RAPID IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF WESTERN GHATS CULTIVAR - COLOCASIA ESCULENTA FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF PLANTLETS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyothi R ◽  
Srinivasa Murthy K M ◽  
Hossein . ◽  
Veena .
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Rapid Multiplication ◽  
Medical Plant ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Planting Materials

Colocasia esculenta is commonly known as Taro, it is referred to as cocoyam in Nigeria. They are cherished for their rich taste, nutritional and medicinal properties. Every 100 g of taro corms possess 112 Kcal, 26.46 g carbohydrate, 1.50 g protein, 0.20 g total fat and 4.1g fiber (USDA National Nutrient Data Base). Besides its nutritional value, taro is used as a medical plant and provides bioactive compounds used as an anti-cancer drugs. Traditionally, cocoyams are vegetative propagated from tuber fragments, a practice that encourages pathogen distribution. Colocasia esculenta is a widely distributed food crop in the humid tropics and subtropics. Despite of its wide distribution, Taro plants are commonly infected with DsMV and other pathogens. This virus induces conspicuous mosaic, malformation, dwarfing or feathering on leaves in taro. As the results of infection, it reduces the quality and yield of taro production greatly. This virus is thus considered as a major limiting factor in the production of taro. Here plays the importance of  tissue culture plays a major role in producing the disease resistant plants round the year with high quality. For rapid multiplication and production of quality planting materials, tissue culture technology offers promising alternative compared to the traditional production methods. KEYWORDS: Colocasia esculenta, Virus, Pathogens, Conventional propagation, Micropropagation, Yield, Rapid multiplication, Quality

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