scholarly journals Clinical Evaluations of Intraoperative Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Arthroscopic Single-Row Rotator Cuff Repair at 2-Year Follow-Up

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
Kan Wang ◽  
Haojun Zhang ◽  
Chaohua Fang ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Retear Rate

Background. The clinical evidence is conflicted on whether platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapies have a positive effect on tendon healing and improved functional outcomes. Purpose. To evaluate the potentials of intraoperative injection PRP on the speed and quality of healing in patients undergoing arthroscopic repair for small to medium rotator cuff tears. Methods. A total of 86 patients scheduled for arthroscopic single-row repair of small to medium rotator cuff tears were assigned to undergo either PRP injection (PRP group) or conventional repair (control group). The PRP group ( N = 43 ) consisted of patients who received an intraoperative injection of liquid PRP. The control group ( N = 43 ) consisted of patients who did not receive that treatment. The visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain before treatment and at 1, 14 days, 3, 6, and 24 months after surgery were recorded. The clinical outcomes were assessed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Constant scores before treatment and at 3, 6, and 24 months after surgery and magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound examination at 24 months. Patient satisfaction and retear rate were also assessed. Results. No statistical differences in baseline characteristics such as age, gender, dominant arm, and tear size were observed between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). For the PRP group, the mean operation time was 40.22 minutes, and for the control group, the mean operation time was 36.3 minutes. There was a statistically significant difference ( P = 0.036 ). After surgery, all VAS measurements significantly decreased over time until final follow-up in both groups. No significant difference between the 2 groups was found for any VAS pain measurement at any time point except for the VAS at 1 day postoperatively, which was significantly lower in the PRP group ( 2.39 ± 1.03 ) than that in the control group ( 3.21 ± 1.85 ) ( P = 0.014 ). Analysis of the PRP and control groups demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in UCLA and Constant scores from baseline to the 3-, 6-, and 24-month follow-up assessments ( P < 0.05 ). However, no significant intergroup differences were observed in the clinical scores between the three follow-up time points ( P > 0.05 ). At the 24-month follow-up, patient satisfaction rates reached 95.65% and 93.48% for the PRP and control groups, respectively. The retear rate of the PRP group (2/43, 4.65%) was lower than that of the control group (6/43, 13.95%). Conclusions. Although the pain at 1 day after surgery and the retear rate in the PRP group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the liquid PRP injection did not promote better clinical outcomes at the 2-year follow-up.

scholarly journals Differences of Post-Placement Bone Implant Contact (BIC) Value of Dental Implant Coated and Not Coated With Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Bahruddin Thalib ◽  
Edy Machmud ◽  
Mochammad Dharmautama ◽  
Ervina Sari Surya ◽  
Asmawati Asmawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implant ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Veterinary Faculty ◽  
Implant Treatment

OBJECTIVE: The success of a dental dental implant treatment focuses on a phenomenon called osseointegration. Evaluation of Bone Area (BA) and Bone-Dental implant Contact (BIC) through histomorphometric analysis is the most widely used parameter to measure osseointegration. The aim of this study was to see post-placement Bone Dental implant Contact (BIC) value of dental implant coated and not coated with PRP.MATERIALS & METHODS: This study was an experimental laboratory conducted at Laboratory of Veterinary Faculty, Hasanuddin University. The sample was baby buck rabbit, aged 4-8 months old, weight 1500–2000 gram, divided into 2 groups each group consist of 12 rabbit, control group not coated with PRP and treatment group coated with PRP. Data analysis using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the mean BIC values and the 20% increase in BIC values in LP1, LP2 and LP3 between treatment and control group on day 0, 3, 7, and 14.CONCLUSIONS: There was a difference in the average of post-placement BIC value of dental implant coated and not coated with PRP.

scholarly journals The Effect of Black Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze) on Pediatrics With Acute Nonbacterial Diarrhea

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareh Doustfatemeh ◽  
Mohammad Hadi Imanieh ◽  
Abdolali Mohagheghzade ◽  
Mohammad M. Zarshenas ◽  
Zahra Torkamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Single Blind

We aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of black tea in pediatric patients with acute nonbacterial diarrhea. This single-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 2 to 12-year-old patients, with acceptable criteria for acute nonbacterial diarrhea in Shiraz, Iran. In total, 120 patients took part in this study. Blocked randomization method was used to allocate them into 2 groups of intervention (black tea tablet + standard treatment) and control group (standard treatment; 60 patients in each). Frequency of defecation, volume, and consistency of stool were registered on arrival and 24 hours later. We used χ2 test, t test, and Mann-Whitney U test. After a 24-hour follow-up, the proportion of patients with formed stool was higher in the intervention group when compared with the control group ( P < .001). There was a significant difference between the mean number of defecations per 24 hours in both groups, after treatment ( P < .001). We found a possible antidiarrheal effect of black tea.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Intraoperative Platelet-Rich Plasma Augmentation and Postoperative Platelet-Rich Plasma Booster Injection for Rotator Cuff Healing: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596712110061
Author(s):  
Bei Liu ◽  
Hyeon Jang Jeong ◽  
Ji Hyun Yeo ◽  
Joo Han Oh
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Booster Injection ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been applied as an adjuvant treatment for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) to enhance rotator cuff healing. However, it remains debatable whether PRP enhances tendon-to-bone healing. Purpose: To assess the efficacy of intraoperative augmentation and postoperative injection of PRP that was prepared using the double-spin method and calcium activation without thrombin in patients with ARCR. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1; and cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 58 patients underwent ARCR using intraoperative PRP augmentation. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive an additional ultrasound-guided PRP injection at the repair site at 2 weeks postoperatively (PRP-booster group); the other half did not receive the booster injection (PRP-only group). A control group that did not receive any PRP treatment was retrospectively matched using propensity score matching. Structural integrity was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year postoperatively, and healing rates were compared between patients with tear sizes ≤2 cm versus >2 cm. Functional outcomes were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; VAS for satisfaction; shoulder range of motion; and Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, and Simple Shoulder Test scores at minimum 2-year follow-up. Results: In patients with tears >2 cm, the rate of healing failure at 1-year follow-up was significantly less in the overall PRP group than in the control group (12.9% vs 35.7%, respectively; P = .040), however, the PRP-booster group did not present a better healing rate than did the PRP-only group. The overall PRP group had lower VAS for pain scores compared with the control group (0.5 ± 1.1 vs 1.3 ± 1.8, respectively; P = .016) and higher VAS for satisfaction scores (9.2 ± 1.2 vs 8.6 ± 1.7; P = .023) at the final follow-up, whereas no statistical difference was found between the PRP-only and PRP-booster groups in functional outcomes. Conclusion: Intraoperative PRP augmentation during ARCR demonstrated superior anatomic healing results in patients with rotator cuff tears >2 cm as well as reduced pain and increased subjective satisfaction. PRP booster injection provided no additional benefit to tendon integrity or functional recovery.

scholarly journals The Effect of Teaching Palliative Care on the Self-Efficacy of Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-207
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Modanloo ◽  
Ameneh Tazikeh-Lemeski ◽  
Shohreh Kolagari
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTObjetive: Determine the effect of teaching palliative care on the self-efficacy of elderly with Chronic Heart Failure. Material and Methods: This single-blind randomized clinical trial was done on patients with Chronic Heart Failure attending to the heart clinics of Golestan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. 48 eligible patients with class-III were selected via convenience sampling. Patients allocated into control and intervention group randomly (n=32). Palliative care training was done for intervention group for six weeks. Data was gathered through the Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) on three time points (before, immediately, and one month after intervention). Data were analyzed in SPSS-18 using independent t-test, chi-squared, Fisher's exact, and repeated-measures ANOVA with corrected Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Finding showed that before intervention the mean scores of self-efficacy in intervention and control group was 23.95±8.34 and 24.11±9.41, respectively. Immediate and one month after intervention it was 26.30±8.30 vs. 28.95±8.53 in intervention group and 24.68±9.32 vs. 25.53±10.39 in control group. In intervention group there was no significant difference between the mean scores of before with immediate and one month after intervention. However, there was a significant difference between the two time follow up in both intervention (p<0.0001) and control (p<0.003) groups. Conclusion: Although the education of palliative care has increased the ability to care in elderly, it seems that self-managing in complex conditions is required follow-up over time.

Comparison of Clinical and Radiological Results in the Arthroscopic Repair of Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears With and Without the Anterior Attachment of the Rotator Cable

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2532-2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Su Cho ◽  
Seong Cheol Moon ◽  
Se Jung Hong ◽  
Seong Hae Bae ◽  
Yong Girl Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Supraspinatus Tendon ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Rotator Cable ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff ◽  
Cuff Repair ◽  
Retear Rate

Background: The anterior rotator cable is critical in force transmission of the rotator cuff. However, few clinical studies have examined the correlation between the integrity of the anterior supraspinatus tendon and surgical outcomes in patients with rotator cuff tears. Purpose: To compare the clinical and structural outcomes of the arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears with and without anterior disruption of the supraspinatus tendon. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: One hundred eighty-one shoulders available for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at least 6 months after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, with a minimum 1-year follow-up, were enrolled. The anterior attachment of the rotator cable was disrupted in 113 shoulders (group A) and intact in 68 shoulders (group B). The mean age at the time of surgery in groups A and B was 59.6 and 59.2 years, respectively, and the mean follow-up period was 24.2 and 25.1 months, respectively. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the preoperative tear size and pattern and muscle fatty degeneration between the 2 groups ( P = .004, P = .008, and P < .001, respectively). At final follow-up, the mean visual analog scale (VAS) for pain score during motion was 1.31 ± 0.98 and 1.24 ± 0.90 in groups A and B, respectively ( P = .587). The mean Constant score was 77.5 ± 11.2 and 78.0 ± 11.9 points in groups A and B, respectively ( P = .875). The mean University of California, Los Angeles score was 30.5 ± 4.1 and 31.0 ± 3.0 points in groups A and B, respectively ( P = .652). In assessing the repair integrity on postoperative MRI, the retear rate was 23.9% and 14.7% in groups A and B, respectively ( P = .029). Conclusion: Irrespective of involvement in the anterior attachment of the rotator cable, the mean 24-month follow-up demonstrated excellent pain relief and improvement in the ability to perform activities of daily living after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. However, tears with anterior disruption of the rotator cable showed a significantly larger and more complex tear pattern and more advanced fatty degeneration. Additionally, the retear rate was significantly higher in patients with a tear involving the anterior attachment of the rotator cable.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Marital Relationship Enrichment Training Based on Choice Theory, on Distress Tolerance of Women Recovered from Addiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-331
Author(s):  
Elham Ghajari ◽  
◽  
Hassan Toozandehjani ◽  
Hamid Nejat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Aims: Most people in the community believe that substance abuse is masculine, while women are progressing alongside men in this area, with statistics indicating an increasing number of infected women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of enriching couples relationships on tolerance of distressed women who were drug abusers Methods & Materials: This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up test with control group. Initially, 40 women were selected from the study and 20 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. Subjects were then assessed using a distress tolerance test (Simmons & Gahr, 2005). Experimental group participants participated in enrichment sessions based on Doba, Graham, Britz and Minatra (2009) choice theory and control group subjects remained on the waiting list. A follow-up test was taken after three months. Multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. The above analyzes were performed with SPSS V. 24 software Findings: The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test, posttest and follow-up scores of distress tolerance scales in the experimental and control groups. (P<0.05). The mean distress tolerance in the experimental group increased from 34.533 to 42.80 in the pre-test phase and reached 42.533 in the follow-up phase. Also, the significant interaction between the stages with the experimental group in the mentioned variable indicates that in the post-test and follow-up stages, the mean of the experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: Due to the increasing trend of addiction in women, proper education is one of the essentials. Therefore, it is recommended to take effective steps to improve couple distress tolerance training by enriching couple relationships

Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With Graft Augmentation of 3-Dimensional Biological Collagen for Moderate to Large Tears: A Randomized Controlled Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1424-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Zhi Cai ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Ri-Long Jin ◽  
Tong Shen ◽  
Peng-Cheng Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
3D Collagen ◽  
Cuff Repair ◽  
Retear Rate

Background: Due to the highly organized tissue and avascular nature of the rotator cuff, rotator cuff tears have limited ability to heal after the tendon is reinserted directly on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Consequently, retears are among the most common complications after rotator cuff repair. Augmentation of rotator cuff repairs with patches has been an active area of research in recent years to reduce retear rate. Hypothesis: Graft augmentation with 3D collagen could prevent retears of the repaired tendon and improve tendon-bone healing in moderate to large rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Randomized controlled study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A prospective, randomized controlled study was performed in a consecutive series of 112 patients age 50 to 85 years who underwent rotator cuff repair with the suture-bridge technique (58 patients, control group) or the suture-bridge technique augmented with 3-dimensional (3D) collagen (54 patients, study group). All patients were followed for 28.2 months (range, 24-36 months). Visual analog scale score for pain, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score, and Constant score were determined. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed pre- and postoperatively (at a minimum of 24 months) to evaluate the integrity of the rotator cuff and the retear rate of the repaired tendon. Three patients in each group had biopsies at nearly 24 months after surgery with histological assessment and transmission electron microscopy. Results: A total of 104 patients completed the final follow-up. At the 12-month follow-up, the UCLA shoulder score was 28.1 ± 1.9 in the study group, which was significantly better than that in the control group (26.9 ± 2.1, P = .002). The Constant score was also significantly better in the study group (87.1 ± 3.2) than in the control group (84.9 ± 4.2, P = .003). However, at the final follow-up, no significant differences were found in the UCLA shoulder scores (29.4 ± 1.9 in the control group and 30.0 ± 1.6 in the study group, P = .052) or Constant scores (89.9 ± 3.2 in the control group and 90.8 ± 3.5 in the study group, P = .18). In terms of structural integrity, more patients in the study group had a favorable type I retear grade (18/51) than in the control group (10/53) ( P = .06). The postoperative retear rate was 34.0% in the control group and 13.7% in the study group, thus indicating a significantly lower retear rate in the study group ( P = .02). Biopsy specimens of the tendon-bone interface in 6 patients revealed more bone formation and more aligned fibers with larger diameters in the study group than in the control group. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted in either group. Conclusion: 3D collagen augmentation could provide effective treatment of moderate to large rotator cuff tears, providing substantial functional improvement, and could reduce the retear rate. This technique could also promote new tendon-bone formation, thus exerting a prominent effect on tendon-bone healing.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care in Weight Gain among Newborn Babies in AVBRH Hospitals of Wardha

2021 ◽  
pp. 532-537
Author(s):  
Archana Maurya ◽  
B. Lakhakar ◽  
Bibin Kurian ◽  
Switi Besekar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction: Kangaroo Mother Care is a simple and feasible intervention; acceptable to most mothers admitted in hospitals. There may be benefits in terms of reducing the incidence of hypothermia with no adverse effects of Kangaroo Mother Care. Kangaroo Care infants showed improvement in regular breathing patterns and virtually no periodic breathing, weight gain in low birth babies, suggesting  that Kangaroo Mother Care is safe for these infants. Materials and Methods: Randomized control trai, l  experimental and control group design was used in study this study was conducted in post natal wards of AVBR Hospital. In this study samples were newborns that were fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 500 newborns were selected and it was equally divided into two groups as control 250 and experimental 250. Random sampling technique was used in this study. A checklist regarding the frequency and duration of KMC was prepared for the experimental group.  Results: The mean weight gain in the control group at birth is 2.71, on discharge it is 2.53 and on follow up it is 3.07. The mean weight gain in the experimental group at birth is 2.74, on discharge it is 2.67 and on follow up it is 3.31.  Conclusion: Significant difference was found in the mean weight gain between experimental and control group. Thus it is concluded that KMC is effective in increasing the weight of the newborn babies.

Clinical and Structural Evaluations of Rotator Cuff Repair With and Without Added Platelet-Rich Plasma at 5-Year Follow-up: A Prospective Randomized Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (13) ◽  
pp. 3134-3141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Angeli Malavolta ◽  
Mauro Emilio Conforto Gracitelli ◽  
Jorge Henrique Assunção ◽  
Arnaldo Amado Ferreira Neto ◽  
Marcelo Bordalo-Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Rotator Cuff Repair ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Partial Thickness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cuff Repair

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been studied with the objective of reducing the retear rate and improving functional outcomes after rotator cuff repair. Only one study to date has reported its midterm effect. Hypothesis: PRP promotes better functional and structural results in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: All patients underwent arthroscopic single-row repair of small to medium supraspinatus tears. At the end of the surgical procedure, liquid PRP prepared by apheresis with autologous thrombin was applied in the tendon-to-bone interface in the PRP group. The outcomes were assessed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Constant scales and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months after surgery and magnetic resonance imaging at 12 and 60 months. Results: Of 54 patients initially randomized, we analyzed the clinical outcomes in 51 (25 control, 26 PRP) and the structural outcomes in 44 (22 each group). At 60-month follow-up, the mean UCLA scores were 32.5 ± 3.8 and 32.1 ± 4.6 in the control and PRP groups, respectively ( P = .992). The mean Constant scores were 82.0 ± 9.5 in the control group and 82.1 ± 11.0 in the PRP group ( P = .699). The mean VAS scores were 1.4 ± 1.8 and 1.5 ± 2.1 in the control and PRP groups, respectively ( P = .910). None of the clinical assessments at 6, 12, and 24 months in either group produced statistically significant differences, and both groups showed significant improvements throughout the follow-up time in the 3 evaluations ( P < .001). The control group exhibited 1 full-thickness retear (Sugaya type IV) and 11 partial-thickness retears (Sugaya type III), while the PRP group had 7 partial-thickness retears (Sugaya type III). The overall number of retears did not differ between groups ( P = .203). Conclusion: PRP obtained by apheresis and applied in liquid form with the addition of thrombin at the end of single-row repair of supraspinatus tears did not promote better clinical or structural results at 60-month follow-up. Registration: NCT01029574 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)

The Baby Shark (Songs Heard Affecting Resuscitation Kinetics) study

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjstel-2020-000657
Author(s):  
Rebecca Singer ◽  
Grace Leo ◽  
Tessa Davis ◽  
Ben Lawton ◽  
Henry Goldstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Target Zone ◽  
Compression Depth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
And Control ◽  
Musical Cues

Previous research has examined the utilisation of musical cues to improve the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) delivered in training environments. We postulated a musical cue that is both contemporary and transcends cultures may improve CPR performance. Our aim was to establish whether chest compressions are performed with improved rate and depth if a song of a fixed beat (PinkFong’s ‘Baby Shark’ with a tempo of 115 beats per minute (bpm) and 15 beats in each verse) is played to a healthcare professional immediately before undertaking CPR compared to whale noises (a non-metronomic rhythm). 58 Participants of a paediatric conference (majority doctors) were randomly assigned to listen to a minute of Baby Shark (28) or whale song (30) and then undertake a minute of CPR. There was no significant difference in the mean compression rate between the Baby Shark and control groups, with the groups achieving 121 and 125 bpm, respectively (p=0.18). In relation to compression depth within the target zone, the Baby Shark group had more compressions completed within the target zone (55%) than the control group (39%) although this difference was not significant (p=0.08). Listening to Baby Shark prior to undertaking simulated CPR does not improve overall performance, but there is a potential tendency to improve adequate compression depth which may be beneficial in training exercises.

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