scholarly journals Study of the Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Extracts and Fractions of Persea americana and Dacryodes edulis and Their HPLC Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Philip F. Uzor ◽  
Chukwuebuka K. Onyishi ◽  
Adaeze P. Omaliko ◽  
Somtochukwu A. Nworgu ◽  
Onyemaechi H. Ugwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Water Fractions ◽  
Dacryodes Edulis

In the present study, the antimalarial activity of the extracts and fractions of the leaves of Persea americana and Dacryodes edulis as well as their phytochemical compositions were examined. Each of the extracts of the plants was successively fractionated to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water fractions. The extracts and fractions were tested against Plasmodium berghei in both curative and suppressive antimalarial mouse models. Their major phytochemical composition was studied by the standard chemical tests and HPLC analysis. The extracts and fractions of P. americana and D. edulis demonstrated significant ( p < 0.05 ) maximal plasmodial inhibition as 52.16 ± 2.77% and 57.10 ± 1.98%, respectively, and chemosuppression of parasitemia as 64.01 ± 0.08% and 71.99 ± 0.06%, respectively. The major secondary metabolites identified in the plants include alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. It was concluded that P. americana and D. edulis possess promising antimalarial activity and they are potential sources of new lead compounds against malaria.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity of Cordia africana (Lam.) (Boraginaceae) Leaf Extracts and Solvent Fractions in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash ◽  
Dayananda Bhoumik ◽  
Birhanetensay Masresha Altaye ◽  
Helen Bitew Tareke ◽  
Brhane Teklebrhan Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Cordia Africana

Background. Malaria remains a major worldwide public health problem leading to death of millions of people. Spread and emergence of antimalarial drug resistance are the major challenge in malaria control. Medicinal plants are the key source of new effective antimalarial agents. Cordia africana (Lam.) is widely used for traditional management of malaria by local people in different parts of Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo antimalarial effects of leaf extracts and solvent fractions of Cordia africana on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods. The leaf extracts were prepared and tested for oral acute toxicity according to the OECD guideline. In vivo antimalarial effects of various doses of C. africana extracts and solvent fractions were determined using the four-day suppression test (both crude and fractions), as well as curative and chemoprophylactic tests (crude extracts). Results. The acute toxicity test of the plant extract revealed that the medium lethal dose is higher than 2000 mg/kg. The crude extract of the plant exhibited significant parasitemia suppression in the four-day suppression (51.19%), curative (57.14%), and prophylactic (46.48%) tests at 600 mg/kg. The n-butanol fraction exhibited the highest chemosuppression (55.62%) at 400 mg/kg, followed by the chloroform fraction (45.04%) at the same dose. Conclusion. Our findings indicated that both the crude leaf extracts and fractions of C. africana possess antimalarial effects, supporting the traditional claim of the plant.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity of Meriandra dianthera Leaf Extracts in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalay Hagazy ◽  
Gereziher G. Sibhat ◽  
Aman Karim ◽  
Gebretsadkan H. Tekulu ◽  
Gomathi Periasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract

Objective. To evaluate the antimalarial effect of aqueous methanolic extract and solvent fractions of Meriandra dianthera leaves against Plasmodium berghei in mice model. Method. M. dianthera leaves were extracted with 80% methanol and dried. The dried crude extract was then defatted and further fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Acute oral toxicity test was performed as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 425. Peter’s 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extract and fractions. Result. The crude leaf extract of Meriandra dianthera showed parasite inhibition of 42.28% and 45.52% at doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg, respectively, as compared to the negative control. Moreover, the mice which received chloroform and aqueous fractions at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day showed significant (P<0.001) chemosuppression compared to the negative control. Both the extract and fractions were able to prevent P. berghei induced body weight loss and body temperature reduction and also increased the survival time of the mice as compared to the negative control. The aqueous methanolic leaf extract of M. dianthera showed no gross signs of toxicity or mortality in mice until a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion. The extracts of M. dianthera leaves showed promising antimalarial activity, with no sign of toxicity and therefore may support its traditional use for the treatment of malaria.

Efficacy of Lophira alata Leaf Extract and its Combination with Artesunate in Mice Prior Exposed to Plasmodium berghei

Drug Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (04) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mofolusho Falade ◽  
Favour Komoni ◽  
Roseangela Nwuba
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Partial Immunity

AbstractEnhanced antimalarial activity of plant extracts used for treatment of malaria in endemic areas is attributed to partial immunity gained by prior infection. This suggests synergy between immunity and extract activity in treatment. Testing this hypothesis, rodent malaria was used to determine efficacy of Lophira alata leaf extracts in treating malaria in prior infected mice. One round of P. berghei infection and Pyrimethamine drug-cure was used to establish partial immunity in mice. Previously Exposed Mice (PEM) and Previously Unexposed Mice (PUM) mice challenged with P. berghei were used to determine influence of partial antimalarial immunity on efficacy of L. alata leaf extracts, administered alone or in combination with Artesunate (ART) in malaria treatment. There was a significant reduction in parasitemia in PEM when compared to PUM animals (P<0.001) irrespective of treatment regimen. Administration of L. alata combined with ART significantly reduced parasitemia (P<0.0032) and prolonged (P=0.0109) survival than when L. alata was administered alone in infected mice. These findings suggest that the action of L. alata in treating malaria infections in a murine model is enhanced by prior exposure to the malaria parasite. Thus the requirements of using plants in treating malaria in endemic populations may differ for those used in western systems, where trials are carried out with non-immune cohorts. Combining artemisinin derivatives and medicinal plants in malaria exposed populations may provide an alternative control measure in endemic regions and may justify the continued use of these plants by indigenous populations in treating malaria.

Ex vivo Study of Antimalarial Activity of Canarium Odontophyllum Leaf Extracts Against Plasmodium Berghei NK65

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafariatul Akmar-Ishak ◽  
Fifi Fariza-Azmi ◽  
Adibah Syahnaz-Zahari ◽  
Dayang Fredalina-Basri
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Sybr Green ◽  
Fluorescence Assay ◽  
Sybr Green I ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Canarium Odontophyllum

Background: Malaria is a parasite that is transmitted to human through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Every year human was exposed to the threat of malaria infection. This disease becomes more fatal as these parasites show resistance towards the drug available. Thus, searches for new antimalarial drug are crucial. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimalarial activity in Canarium odontophyllum leaf extracts (methanol, acetone and aqueous) against erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65 using Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase (pLDH) Assay and SYBR green I fluorescence Assay. Method: Three types of solvents were used to extracts Canarium odontophyllum leaf according to increasing polarity index; acetone, methanol and aqueous. These extracts were made into eight-fold serial dilution; concentrations ranging from 0.00001μg / ml as the lowest concentration until 100 μg / ml as the highest concentration and further tested on Plasmodium berghei NK65 infected erythrocytes via ex-vivo. The IC50 (inhibition concentration) 50 readings were taken at the point of 5% parasitemia level and in the synchronization process. Both PLDH assay and SYBR green I fluorescence assay were being carried out simultaneously. Result: The One-way ANOVA showed that there is no significant difference between extracts at 5% parasitemia level, even so methanol was further tested on synchronization process as it showed the lowest reading of IC50 among the three extracts for PLDH assay and SYBR green I fluorescence assay respectively, (IC50 0.00045μg / ml, 0.002 μg / ml). For synchronization stages, the One-way ANOVA result showed there is no significant difference between stages of morphology. However, methanol extracts showed the most potent on schizont, (1.16x10-5 μg / ml ) and young trophozoite, (0.00195 μg / ml ) stages for each method respectively. Conclusions: All three extracts of Canarium odontophyllum leaf were effective on Plasmodium berghei NK65, however methanol showed most promising results and further research on the fractions were required for proper drug development. The Ministry of Higher Learning funded this project, Government of Malaysia, under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme Code No. FRGS/2/2014/SG05/UKM/02/3.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe weloensis (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tekleab Teka ◽  
Tadesse Awgichew ◽  
Haile Kassahun
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Lead Compounds

Background. Emergence of drug resistance and lack of therapeutic efficacy of modern antimalarial drugs are the most triggering factors for the searching of new lead compounds with different mechanisms of action. Medicinal plants with documented traditional uses are a viable option for treatment of malaria. Traditionally, the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis has been used in the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was undertaken to investigate the antimalarial activity of the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods. A four-day suppressive test was employed to evaluate the antimalarial effect of the leaf latex of the plant against P. berghei in Swiss albino mice. Mice were randomly assigned in five groups of five animals in each and given 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the leaf latex, chloroquine 25 mg/kg, and distilled water. The level of parasitemia, packed cell volume, survival time, temperature, and body weight was used to determine the antimalarial activity. Results. The acute toxicity study indicated that the leaf latex of A. weloensis caused neither mortality nor signs and symptoms of toxicity at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Furthermore, the 4-day suppressive test indicated that the latex of the plant exhibited a significant parasitemia reduction in a dose-dependent manner as compared to negative control. The leaf latex of the plant exhibited a percent inhibition of 13.05%, 41.87%, and 66.84% at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The chemosuppression of the antimalarial activity was statistically significant at 100 mg/kg (p<0.05), 200 mg/kg (p<0.01), and 400 mg/kg (p<0.01) as compared to negative control. All doses of the leaf latex prevented weight loss and reduction in temperature and packed cell volume and increased the survival time of infected mice. Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrated that the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis possessed antiplasmodial activity confirming the genuine traditional use of the plant as an antimalarial agent.

scholarly journals HPLC identification of bioactive flavonoids in methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Homalium zeylanicum Benth.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 2204
Author(s):  
Anuradha Devi V. ◽  
Veera Kishore I. ◽  
Ragha Latha R. ◽  
Kokkanti Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Natural products continue to provide unique structural diversity in comparison to standard combinatorial chemistry, which presents opportunities for discovering mainly novel low molecular weight lead compounds. Homalium zeylanicum belonging to family Flacourtiaceae is an important medicinal plant having traditional uses in diabetes, rheumatism and wound healing activities. Chromatographic methods like TLC and HPLC were used for the separation and identification of flavonoids present in methanolic and aqueous leaf extract was studied. The chromatographic methods available for the separation of flavonoids in TLC and HPLC were adopted for the study. Three compounds were identified in TLC study in methanolic leaf extracts. In HPLC analysis, peaks corresponding to flavonoids were obtained and were identified by comparing with literature and confirm that methanolic extract contains Rutin, Quercetin and Myricetin where as in aqueous extract Quercetin, Myricetin and Kaempferol were observed.  The anti diabetic activity of isolated compounds was determined by literature and confirms that compounds were found to having potent anti diabetic activity. This proves that the anti-diabetic activity of Homalium zeylanicum was due to the presence of these bio-active compounds

scholarly journals HPLC identification of bio active flavonoids in methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Schrebera swietenioides Lin.,

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 2208
Author(s):  
Anuradha Devi V. ◽  
Veera Kishore I. ◽  
Ragha Latha R. ◽  
Kokkanti Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Rutin And Quercetin ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Natural products continue to provide unique structural diversity in comparison to standard combinatorial chemistry, which presents opportunities for discovering mainly novel low molecular weight lead compounds. Schrebera swietenioides belonging to family Oleaceae is an important medicinal plant used in the treatment of leprosy, diabetes and hepatic disorders by ethnic people. Chromatographic methods like TLC and HPLC were used for the separation and identification of flavonoids present in methanolic and aqueous leaf extract was studied. The chromatographic methods available for the separation of flavonoids in TLC and HPLC were adopted for the study. Three compounds were identified in TLC study in methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts. In HPLC analysis, peaks corresponding to flavonoids were obtained and were identified by comparing with literature and confirm that methanolic extract contains Rutin, Quercetin and Myricetin where as in aqueous extract Rutin and Quercetin were observed.  The anti diabetic activity of isolated compounds was determined by literature and confirms that compounds were found to having potent anti diabetic activity. This proves that the anti-diabetic activity of S. swietenioides was due to the presence of these bio-active compounds

scholarly journals ANTIPLASMODIUM ACTIVITIES OF KELUWIH (Artocarpus camansi) METHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS IN THE MENCIT (Mus musculus) Balb / c INFECTED WITH Plasmodium berghei

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Dmitry Arditya Harsya Priangga ◽  
Dwi Soelistya Dyah Jekti ◽  
Yayuk Andayani
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Parasite Growth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Activity Test

Antiplasmodium activity test of methanol extract of leaves of kelwih (Artocarpus camansi) was carried out in vivo in mice (Mus musculus) Balb / c infected with Plasmodium berghei. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose of methanol extract of leaves of kelwih as antiplasmodium. Antiplasmodium activity test was carried out in vivo in Balb / c mice that had been infected with Plasmodium berghei. Parameters observed were parasite growth, and parasite inhibition. After the administration of methanol extract of leaves of kelwih and as many as 30 mice were grouped into 5 treatment groups which were given extract doses of 1, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg / kg BB and one negative control group (without the administration of methanol extract of kelwih leaves). Observations were carried out for 7 days, starting from day 0 (before treatment), 4 days during treatment and 2 days after treatment. The data obtained were analyzed statistically ANOVA using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and continued with Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that the lowest parasite growth (1.636%) was obtained from the group dose of 100 mg / kg BB, the largest parasite inhibition (72.832% ) also produced by a group dose of 100 mg / kg BB. An extract is said to have positive antimalarial activity if it can reduce parasitemia by 30% or more. A dose of 100 mg / kg body weight produces parasitic growth values, and parasite inhibition is significant to the control (p <0.05). So, from the explanation above, it can be concluded that giving a dose of 100 mg / kg BB of methanol extract of leaves of kelwih has potential activity as an antimalarial.

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