scholarly journals Targeting PINK1 Using Natural Products for the Treatment of Human Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yan-Qin Li ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Li-Ping Yu ◽  
Jian-Kang Mu ◽  
Ya-Qin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nuclear Genes ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
And Function

PINK1, also known as PARK6, is a PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 that is encoded by nuclear genes. PINK1 is ubiquitously expressed and regulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in a range of cell types. The dysregulation of PINK1 is associated with the pathogenesis and development of mitochondrial-associated disorders. Many natural products could regulate PINK1 to relieve PINK1-associated diseases. Here, we review the structure and function of PINK1, its relationship to human diseases, and the regulation of natural products to PINK1. We further highlight that the discovery of natural PINK1 regulators represents an attractive strategy for the treatment of PINK1-related diseases, including liver and heart diseases, cancer, and Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, investigating PINK1 regulation of natural products can enhance the in-depth comprehension of the mechanism of action of natural products.

scholarly journals Remedying the Mitochondria to Cure Human Diseases by Natural Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jian-Kang Mu ◽  
Yan-Qin Li ◽  
Ting-Ting Shi ◽  
Li-Ping Yu ◽  
Ya-Qin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Regulation ◽  
The Relationship

Mitochondria are the ‘engine’ of cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism in many human diseases. Many natural products could remedy the mitochondria to alleviate mitochondria-involved diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of the relationship between the mitochondria and human diseases and the regulation of natural products to the mitochondria. We proposed that the development of mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction represents an attractive strategy for a mitochondria-involved disorder therapy. Moreover, investigating the mitochondrial regulation of natural products can potentiate the in-depth comprehension of the mechanism of action of natural products.

scholarly journals Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (6) ◽  
pp. L1113-L1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Growth And Aging ◽  
And Function

Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.

Structure-function relationships and mechanism of action of pituitary and placental gonadotrophins

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Apparailly ◽  
V Laurent-Cadoret ◽  
F Lecompte ◽  
M Chopineau ◽  
MC Maurel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Beta Subunits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Homologous Desensitization

Data from the author's laboratory on relationships between structure and function of equine luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and choriogonadotrophin as well as their mechanisms of action are reviewed and compared with their human counterparts. Polymorphism of these hormones and problems associated with their purification are discussed as well as the association and dissociation of their alpha- and beta-subunits. The affinity of receptor binding, the superactivity of membrane transduction and homologous desensitization of target cells by non-stimulatory doses of the gonadotrophins are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (33) ◽  
pp. eaau6085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Lewis ◽  
Adam Williams ◽  
Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Spleen ◽  
Cell Clearance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
And Function

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. The physical organization of the spleen allows it to filter blood of pathogens and abnormal cells and facilitate low-probability interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cognate lymphocytes. APCs specific to the spleen regulate the T and B cell response to these antigenic targets in the blood. This review will focus on cell types, cell organization, and immunologic functions specific to the spleen and how these affect initiation of adaptive immunity to systemic blood-borne antigens. Potential differences in structure and function between mouse and human spleen will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Cytochromes P450 for natural product biosynthesis in Streptomyces: sequence, structure, and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1141-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Rudolf ◽  
Chin-Yuan Chang ◽  
Ming Ma ◽  
Ben Shen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Cytochromes P450 ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Sequence Structure ◽  
Natural Product Biosynthesis ◽  
And Function

This review catalogues functionally characterized P450s fromStreptomycesand discusses their sequences, structures, and functions in natural products biosynthesis.

Structure and function of the skin

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Dermoepidermal Junction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.

Spatial epigenetics: linking nuclear structure and function in higher eukaryotes

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Functional Product ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Cell Types

Eukaryotic cells are defined by the genetic information that is stored in their DNA. To function, this genetic information must be decoded. In doing this, the information encoded in DNA is copied first into RNA, during RNA transcription. Primary RNA transcripts are generated within transcription factories, where they are also processed into mature mRNAs, which then pass to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm these mRNAs can finally be translated into protein in order to express the genetic information as a functional product. With only rare exceptions, the cells of an individual multicellular eukaryote contain identical genetic information. However, as different genes must be expressed in different cell types to define the structure and function of individual tissues, it is clear that mechanisms must have evolved to regulate gene expression. In higher eukaryotes, mechanisms that regulate the interaction of DNA with the sites where nuclear functions are performed provide one such layer of regulation. In this chapter, I evaluate how a detailed understanding of nuclear structure and chromatin dynamics are beginning to reveal how spatial mechanisms link chromatin structure and function. As these mechanisms operate to modulate the genetic information in DNA, the regulation of chromatin function by nuclear architecture defines the concept of ‘spatial epigenetics’.

The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous systems: structure and function

1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Rutka ◽  
Gerard Apodaca ◽  
Robert Stern ◽  
Mark Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Biological Adhesive ◽  
And Function

✓ The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the naturally occurring substrate upon which cells migrate, proliferate, and differentiate. The ECM functions as a biological adhesive that maintains the normal cytoarchitecture of different tissues and defines the key spatial relationships among dissimilar cell types. A loss of coordination and an alteration in the interactions between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells separated by an ECM are thought to be fundamental steps in the development and progression of cancer. Although a substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated concerning the role of the ECM in most other tissues, much less is known of the structure and function of the ECM in the nervous system. Recent experiments in mammalian systems have shown that an increased knowledge of the ECM in the nervous system can lead to a better understanding of complex neurobiological processes under developmental, normal, and pathological conditions. This review focuses on the structure and function of the ECM in the peripheral and central nervous systems and on the importance of ECM macromolecules in axonal regeneration, cerebral edema, and cerebral neoplasia.

scholarly journals Effects of Carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on Mitochondrial Function of H9C2 Cells

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngo Thi Hai Yen ◽  
Bui Thi Van Khanh ◽  
Vu Thao Hien ◽  
To Thanh Thuy ◽  
Pham Thi Bich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
H9c2 Cells ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure ◽  
Carbonyl Cyanide ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fluorescence Intensity Change

We examined the effects of carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on mitochondrial function of H9C2 cells. Composition of mitochondrial membrane lipids (cardiolipin) and mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by fluorescence intensity change of tetramethl rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) and 10-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) using the LSM800 confocal microscope. Our results showed that CCCP strongly and simultaneously affected mitochondrial structure and function of H9C2 cells.

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