scholarly journals Prevalence and Intensity of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Preschool Pupils in Lugari Subcounty, Kakamega County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Daniel Kevin Werunga ◽  
Elizabeth Nanjala Omukunda ◽  
Jackson Cheruiyot Korir
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale

Intestinal helminths cause anaemia, malnutrition, indigestion disorders, retarded growth, and low mental abilities in pupils. About 1.5 billion are infected globally. Intestinal helminth infections are caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus. Lugari Subcounty has poor sanitation and inadequate clean water. This study determined the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in preschool pupils in Lugari Subcounty. A stratified multistage cluster experimental design was used. Sampling was carried out in four wards: Lumakanda, Lugari, Luandeti, and Chekalini. Preschool pupils of either gender were selected randomly. Written consents and verbal assent were obtained from parents or guardians and preschool pupils, respectively. Questionnaires were administered in order to collect sociodemographic data. Stool samples were collected and tested for the presence of eggs using the standard Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence rate and prevalence ratio were calculated as the percentage of infected preschool pupils among the total number of preschool pupils examined. Preschool pupils positive with helminths were treated freely, and a follow-up screening was conducted three months after treatment. Approval of the study was sought from the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Institutional Ethical Review Board (MMUST IRB). The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 12.3%. Only one species, Ascaris lumbricoides, was identified. Statistical tests were carried out at a 5% significance level ( p < 0.05 , confidence interval (CI) 95%). There was a statistically significant association for prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths versus factors like school location, knowledge of washing hands before eating, and awareness of washing hands after visiting a toilet. Although this study revealed a low prevalence and light intensity, some factors had significant effects on intestinal helminth infections among the preschool children. Therefore, there is a need to intensify efforts for their intestinal helminth control.

Multiple infection diagnosis of intestinal helminthiasis in the assessment of health and environmental effect of development projects in Nigeria

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.S. Ugbomoiko ◽  
I.E. Ofoezie
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Health Situation

AbstractPatterns of intestinal helminth infections among school-aged children have been assessed in Eko-ende and Ore, as part of an overall assessment of the public health impact of Erinle Dam Reservoir in Osun State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out between January and May 2005 using the Kato Katz thick smear technique and simple questionnaire for information on the bio-data, knowledge, attitude and practice of individuals towards disease transmission and control.Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura, Taeniaspp.,Strongyloides stercoralisandSchistosoma mansoniwere recovered at an overall prevalence of 78.3% among 309 children examined.Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm,T. trichiuraandS. mansoniwere the most common infections whileS. stercoralisandTaeniaspp. were found only among a few children. Infection patterns of the common diseases were age-specific with peaks in the 11–15 age bracket. Children not attending school were significantly (P < 0.05) more at risk of infection than those attending school. Multiple infections were pronounced with over 54% double infections and 6% four parasites or more infections. The need for urgent intervention to arrest the obviously serious public health situation attributable to Erinle Dam is emphasized.

scholarly journals Um estudo sôbre a eosinofilia nas helmintoses

1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruy Gomes de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Trichuris Trichiura ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
Hymenolepis Nana ◽  
Necator Americanus ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale

1 - Foram examinadas as fezes de 2.666 indivíduos, operários e funcionários de duas Emprésas industriais, situadas, uma na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e outra no Estado do Rio (Brasil); 2 - Dos 2.666 indivíduos, 1941 (72.80%) estavam parasitados por um ou mais helmintos e 725 (27,20%) tinham seus exames de fezes negativos; 3 - De cada um dos 2.666 indivíduos foi feito um hemograma completo, tendo sido aproveitada a taxa de eosinófilos que, em associação com os exames de fezes, constituiu o objeto principal dêste trabalho. 4 - Na Tabela A observa-se o número de vêzes em que cada um dos vermes foi observado e seus respectivos percentuais. Embora não seja um trabalho de epidemiologia, verifica-se que 46,81% são infestados pelo Trichuris trichiura; 23,85% pelo Strongyloides stercoralis; 22,46% pelo Necator americanus e/ou Ancylostoma duodenale; 20,51% pelo Ascaris lumbricóides; 1,65% pelo Schistosoma mansoni; 0.67% pelo Enterobius vermicularis; 0,26% por Taenia solium ou T. saginata e 0,11% por Hymenolepis nana; 5 - Os exames de fezes foram feitos pelos métodos de Faust (ou de Ritchie), de Willis, de Baermann e de sedimentação; 6 - A eosinofilia anotada foi a relativa ou em seu percentual, sendo considerada hipereosinofilia uma taxa de eosinófilos igual ou superior a 5% (Eo > 5%); 7 - Foram abordados de modo conciso os fatores que provocam oscilações na eosinofilia normal tais como a idade, a raça, as horas do nictêmero, os fatores físicos, o sexo, os fatores químicos e outros; 8 - Tratou-se de modo mais extenso das diferenças entre as hipereosinofilias parasitárias e não parasitárias, tendo sido focalizada a dinâmica da eosinofilia traduzida na curva de Lavier. 9 - A distribuição dos 2.666 casos foi feita pelos diferentes graus de eosinofilia, tendo sido levantados gráficos e traçadas curvas sôbre a distribuição de cada helminto e de suas associações. 10 - Por ser necessário à explanação do assunto, foi criado o "índice eosinofilico", o qual corresponde à relação entre o número de casos de um determinado grupo com Eo > 5% e Eo < 5%. Para o total de casos positivos, ao "índice eosinofílico" denominamos "índice eosinofílico médio" em para o total dos negativos "índice eosinofílico residual"; 11 - Estabelecendo-se o "índice eosinofílico", pode-se ajuizar a capacidade eosinofilogênica de cada helminto isoladamente, bem como a de suas associações; 12 - Atenção especial foi dada aos problemas da existência da hipereosinofilia nos casos com exames coprológicos negativos para helmintos, tendo-se passado em revista vários dos aspectos biológicos que o assunto comporta; 13 - Outra questão de grande importância clínica explanada neste trabalho é a do encontro de casos de parasitismo por vermes, sem hipereosinofilia. O autor, baseado em seus dados e em outros colhidos na literatura sôbre o assunto, discute a fisiopatologia da eosinopoiese nas helmintoses e ojerece uma interpretação para êste fato ainda não defintivamente esclarecido.

scholarly journals Intestinal helminthiases in Ecuador: the relatíonship between prevalence, genetic, and socioeconomic factors

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Cooper ◽  
Angel Guevara E. ◽  
Ronald H. Guderian
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Abo Blood Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
The Relationship

Prevalence of infection with the intestinal helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale and Strongyloides stercoralis was examinedin 632 residents of communities in Esmeraldas province of Ecuador. These communities were divided into two groups according to area of habitation which reflected different socioeconomic circumstances. Attempts were made to correlate infection status with race and ABO blood group phenotype. The racial groups included blacks, Chachi amerindians, and mixed-race mestizos. Greater prevalences of infection were seen in the area oflower socioeconomic status. No racial or blood group associations with helminth infection were seen controlling for socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals Comparison of the thick smear and Kato-Katz techniques for diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Luciano Neves Santos ◽  
Elúzio José Lima Cerqueira ◽  
Neci Matos Soares
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Thick Smear

This study compared the efficiency of Kato-Katz thick smear and thick smear techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal helminths. The sensitivity of the thick smear technique was higher than that of the Kato-Katz method for the diagnosis of all helminths except Schistosoma mansoni.

scholarly journals Impact of intestinal helminths on the risks of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and iron deficiency among haemophilia patients in northern Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umma A. Ibrahim ◽  
Sagir G. Ahmed ◽  
Modu B. Kagu ◽  
Usman A. Abjah
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract We predicted that haemophilia would create a prohaemorrhagic host-parasite relationship, which would make haemophiliacs very vulnerable to haemorrhagic effects of intestinal helminths in tropical countries like Nigeria. If our prediction is correct, the frequency and risks of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and iron deficiency will be higher among haemophiliacs infected by helminths in comparison with uninfected haemophiliacs. Frequency of gastrointestinal haemorrhages and iron deficiency among haemophiliacs with and without intestinal helminth infections were retrospectively obtained and analysed, and their relative risk determined by regression analysis. Haemophiliacs with intestinal helminths had significantly higher frequencies of gastrointestinal haemorrhage (73.3% vs. 18.5%, p<0.05) and iron deficiency (60% vs. 22.2%, p<0.05) in comparison with haemophiliacs without intestinal helminths. Haemophiliacs with intestinal helminths had significantly elevated relative risks (RR) of gastrointestinal haemorrhage (RR=3.4, CI95%: 2.4- 4.3, p=0.007) and iron deficiency (RR=2.5, CI95%: 1.7-3.3, p=0.009). These results showed that helminth infections were associated with increased risks of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and iron deficiency in haemophiliacs. This is thought to be due to a pro-haemorrhagic host-parasite relationship resulting from host haemostatic abnormality, coupled with the concurrent manipulation of the host haemostatic system by anticoagulants produced by some of the parasites. Haemophiliacs in tropical countries should be regularly screened and treated for intestinal helminths.

scholarly journals Human Onchocerciasis and Tetanus Vaccination: Impact on the Postvaccination Antitetanus Antibody Response

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 5951-5957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Cooper ◽  
Ivan Espinel ◽  
Moira Wieseman ◽  
Wilson Paredes ◽  
Mauricio Espinel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Antibody Isotype ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Specific Igg4 ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Tetanus Vaccination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Stratification ◽  
Isotype Igg1

ABSTRACT To investigate whether helminth infections may affect the efficacy of vaccines by impairing the immune response to nonparasite vaccine antigens, we compared the antibody responses to tetanus toxoid (TT) after tetanus vaccination in 193 subjects with Onchocerca volvulus infection with 85 comparable noninfected controls. After vaccination, the proportions of subjects in each group attaining protective levels of antitetanus antibodies were similar (96.9% infected versus 97.6% noninfected). Postvaccination increases in antitetanus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the predominant IgG isotype, IgG1, were equivalent in both groups, as were increases in specific IgG4 and IgE; however, significantly greater increases in specific IgG2 (P < 0.05) and IgG3 (P < 0.001) were observed in the noninfected group. Stratification of the O. volvulus-infected group into two groups representing light and heavy infections revealed a significantly impaired antitetanus IgG response in those with heavy infections compared to those with light infections (P < 0.01) or no infection (P < 0.05). The impact of concurrent intestinal helminth infections on the antitetanus response was also examined; an increased IgG4/IgE ratio was seen in those infected withStrongyloides stercoralis (P < 0.05) and when all helminth infections were combined as a single group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that concurrent infection with O. volvulus does not prevent the development of a protective antitetanus response, although heavier O. volvulus infections are able to alter the magnitude of this response, and concurrent helminth infections (O. volvulusand intestinal helminths) may alter TT-specific antibody isotype responses.

scholarly journals SÍNDROME DE LOEFFLER: DIAGNÓSTICO E CICLO BIOLÓGICO DO PRINCIPAL PARASITA INTESTINAL CAUSADOR DA SÍNDROME

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Andréia Lívia Gonzalez Napoli ◽  
Allan Eurípedes Rezende Napoli
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Necator Americanus ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Intestino Delgado

Introdução: A alta prevalência das parasitoses no Brasil deve-se as condições sócioeconômicas precárias da maioria da população. A Síndrome de Loeffler é caracterizada por uma pneumonia eosinofílica, causada por parasitas intestinais com ciclo pulmonar obrigatório na qual evidencia-se infiltrado pulmonar migratório na radiografia de tórax e eosinofilia detectada no hemograma, em pacientes com tosse seca, dispnéia, sibilos e febre baixa. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo buscar na literatura os aspectos clínicos, parasitológicos e o desenvolvimento da Síndrome de Loeffler, dada a alta prevalência destas parasitoses no Brasil. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos em inglês, espanhol e português, extraídos das bases de dados MEDLINE, PUBMED e Google Acadêmico. Os descritores utilizados foram "Síndrome de Loeffler” AND “pneumonia eosinofílica” AND “parasitose intestinal", Resultados: A Síndrome de Loeffler representa uma pneumonite eosinofílica transitória causada, principalmente, pelos helmintos: Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis e Ascaris lumbricoides, destacando-se o último. Especificamente, o contágio do Ascaris inicia-se com a ingestão de ovos de vermes encontrados em água e alimentos contaminados. No intestino delgado, os ovos eclodem em larvas que penetram a parede do intestino e migram via circulação porta até o fígado e, em seguida, via circulação sistêmica até os pulmões. As larvas introduzem nas paredes alveolares, deslocam-se até a garganta e são deglutidas. Posteriormente, retornam ao intestino e se transformam em vermes adultos, iniciando a reprodução, reiniciando o processo. Outrossim, o desenvolvimento da infecção pelos parasitas dura cerca de 2 a 6 semanas e os sintomas, quando presentes, iniciam-se após 7 a 14 dias do contágio. O diagnóstico da Síndrome de Loeffler é realizado por uma avaliação clínica, na qual pode-se observar sintomas respiratórios característicos, achados radiológicos de tórax, mostrando um infiltrado alvéolo-intersticial de caráter migratório, e, laboratorialmente, a síndrome é caracterizada por eosinofilia sanguínea. Conclusão: Para um adequado diagnóstico da Síndrome de Loeffler, é necessário associar à uma anamnese detalhada dados radiológicos e laboratoriais, acarretando assim em uma correta e precoce investigação do caso. Ademais, medidas sanitárias são importantes para reduzir a alta prevalência das parasitoses no Brasil.

Intestinal helminth infection and malnutrition among public primary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
C. Nnolim ◽  
T.A. Adekeye ◽  
H.O. Awobode
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Helminth Infections

Intestinal helminthiasis associated with malnutrition in children remains endemic in developing countries despite considerable efforts at control. This study was carried out to determine the current prevalence status and the risk factors associated with intestinal helminth infections among primary school children in Ibadan. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 5-16 year old pupils, from 7 primary schools in Ibadan, Oyo State. Microscopic examination of stool for ova was carried out using a formol-ether concentration technique. Predisposing risk factors were determined from questionnaire data while anthropometric indices consisting of weight, height and age were the measured indicators of the nutritional status. Of the 485 pupils examined, 187(38.6%) had helminth infections and the parasites identified were Ascaris lumbricoides (35.9%), Strongyloides stercoralis (12.4%), hookworm (8.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (4.9%), Schistosoma mansoni (3.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.4%). More male pupils (52.9%, p = 0.05) than females (47.1%) had infections. Pupils aged between 9-12 years (p = 0.02) had highest (49.2%) infection rates. Infections were recorded in 13(18.57%) of 70 pupils treated with levamisole by the local health centres 2 weeks prior to this study. Wearing of footwear, parent’s occupation, drinking water sources, family size and toilet type were risk factors significantly associated (p<0.05) with infection in this study. The  overall prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were 24.4%, 28.8% and 7.8% respectively, there was however, no statistical relationship (p>0.05) between the prevalence of infection and malnutrition. Intestinal helminthiasis is still prevalent in schoolchildren despite targeted  chemotherapy. It is therefore suggested that chemotherapy should include all children in the communities along with continuous enlightenment to ensure the disruption of parasite transmission. Keywords: Intestinal helminths; school children; malnutrition; Ibadan; chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Infection of protozoan and Helminth parasites among the out-patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Hamida Khanum ◽  
Ainun Nahar ◽  
Mt Tahmina Karim ◽  
Hasina Banu
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Medical College Hospital ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Stool Samples

The intestinal parasites and their prevalence and intensity of infestation was investigated. A total of 793 stool samples were examined from the out patients of Dhaka medical College Hospital. Eggs and lavae of six species of intestinal parasites were recovered, of which two species were protozoans: Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903; and Giardia intestinalis (Lambl, 1859) and four species of helminthes: Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758; Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) Stiles, 1901; Ancylostoma duodenale (Dubini, 1843) Creplin, 1845; and Enterobius vermicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)]. The overall prevalence of infestation was 43.253% and egg per gram (EPG) of infestation was slightly higher in males than females. Prevalence of intestinal helminth was found higher than intestinal protozoans. Among the six species of intestinal parasites, Ascaris lumbricoides showed highest prevalence (21.689%) and Enterobius vermicularis lowest prevalence (1.008%). Among the patients of the hospital, highest prevalence (83.333%) was observed in 0 - 10 years age group and lowest (30.167%) in 51 - 60 years age-group.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(1): 89-97, 2016

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