scholarly journals Extreme Environmental Stress-Induced Biological Responses in the Planarian

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhonghong Cao ◽  
Hongjin Liu ◽  
Bosheng Zhao ◽  
Qiuxiang Pang ◽  
Xiufang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Altered Gravity ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Regenerative Ability ◽  
Shed Light

Planarians are bilaterally symmetric metazoans of the phylum Platyhelminthes. They have well-defined anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes and have a highly structured true brain which consists of all neural cell types and neuropeptides found in a vertebrate. Planarian flatworms are famous for their strong regenerative ability; they can easily regenerate any part of the body including the complete neoformation of a functional brain within a few days and can survive a series of extreme environmental stress. Nowadays, they are an emerging model system in the field of developmental, regenerative, and stem cell biology and have offered lots of helpful information for these realms. In this review, we will summarize the response of planarians to some typical environmental stress and hope to shed light on basic mechanisms of how organisms interact with extreme environmental stress and survive it, such as altered gravity, temperature, and oxygen, and this information will help researchers improve the design in future studies.

scholarly journals Planarians Sense Simulated Microgravity and Hypergravity

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Adell ◽  
Emili Saló ◽  
Jack J. W. A. van Loon ◽  
Gennaro Auletta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Model System ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Altered Gravity ◽  
Random Positioning Machine ◽  
Planarian Regeneration ◽  
Regenerative Ability ◽  
Classical Subject

Planarians are flatworms, which belong to the phylumPlatyhelminthes.They have been a classical subject of study due to their amazing regenerative ability, which relies on the existence of adult totipotent stem cells. Nowadays they are an emerging model system in the field of developmental, regenerative, and stem cell biology. In this study we analyze the effect of a simulated microgravity and a hypergravity environment during the process of planarian regeneration and embryogenesis. We demonstrate that simulated microgravity by means of the random positioning machine (RPM) set at a speed of 60 °/s but not at 10 °/s produces the dead of planarians. Under hypergravity of 3 g and 4 g in a large diameter centrifuge (LDC) planarians can regenerate missing tissues, although a decrease in the proliferation rate is observed. Under 8 g hypergravity small planarian fragments are not able to regenerate. Moreover, we found an effect of gravity alterations in the rate of planarian scission, which is its asexual mode of reproduction. No apparent effects of altered gravity were found during the embryonic development.

scholarly journals Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development, Niches, and Signaling Pathways

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamonnaree Chotinantakul ◽  
Wilairat Leeanansaksiri
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Medicine Development ◽  
Biology Research

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play a key role in hematopoietic system that functions mainly in homeostasis and immune response. HSCs transplantation has been applied for the treatment of several diseases. However, HSCs persist in the small quantity within the body, mostly in the quiescent state. Understanding the basic knowledge of HSCs is useful for stem cell biology research and therapeutic medicine development. Thus, this paper emphasizes on HSC origin, source, development, the niche, and signaling pathways which support HSC maintenance and balance between self-renewal and proliferation which will be useful for the advancement of HSC expansion and transplantation in the future.

scholarly journals Role of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Stem Cell Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceren Aksoy ◽  
Feride Severcan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Monitoring Methods

Recent researches have mainly displayed the significant role of stem cells in tissue renewal and homeostasis with their unique capacity to develop different cell types. These findings have clarified the importance of stem cells to improve the effectiveness of any cell therapy for regenerative medicine. Identification of purity and differentiation stages of stem cells are the greatest challenges of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. The existing methods to carefully monitor and characterize the stem cells have some unwanted effects on the properties of stem cells, and these methods also do not provide real-time information about cellular conditions. These challenges enforce the usage of nondestructive, rapid, sensitive, high quality, label-free, cheep, and innovative chemical monitoring methods. In this context, vibrational spectroscopy provides promissing alternative to get new information into the field of stem cell biology for chemical analysis, quantification, and imaging of stem cells. Raman and infrared spectroscopy and imaging can be used as a new complimentary spectroscopic approaches to gain new insight into stem cell reseaches for future therapeutic and regenerative medicines. In this paper, recent developments in applications of vibrational spectroscopy techniques for stem cell characterization and identification are presented.

scholarly journals The Impact of Neural Stem Cell Biology on CNS Carcinogenesis and Tumor Types

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Kurian
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The incidence of gliomas is on the increase, according to epidemiological data. This increase is a conundrum because the brain is in a privileged protected site behind the blood-brain barrier, and therefore partially buffered from environmental factors. In addition the brain also has a very low proliferative potential compared with other parts of the body. Recent advances in neural stem cell biology have impacted on our understanding of CNS carcinogenesis and tumor types. This article considers the cancer stem cell theory with regard to CNS cancers, whether CNS tumors arise from human neural stem cells and whether glioma stem cells can be reprogrammed.

scholarly journals Genome-wide studies of time of day in the brain: Design and analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Gang Wu ◽  
Marc D. Ruben ◽  
Yinyeng Lee ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
Michael E. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Brain

Transcriptome profiling at different times of day is powerful for studying circadian regulation in model organisms and humans. To date, 24 h profiles from many tissue types suggest that about half of all genes are circadian-expressed somewhere in the body. However, few of these studies focused on the brain. Thus, despite known links between circadian disruption and neurological disease, we have virtually no mechanistic understanding. In the coming decade, we expect more genome-wide studies of time of day in different brain diseases, regions, and cell types. We expect just as many different approaches to the design and analysis of these studies. This review considers key principles of circadian tran scriptomics, with the goal of maximizing utility and reproducibility of future studies in the nervous system.

Dendritic trafficking for neuronal growth and plasticity

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1365-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Unique Cell

Among the largest cells in the body, neurons possess an immense surface area and intricate geometry that poses many unique cell biological challenges. This morphological complexity is critical for neural circuit formation and enables neurons to compartmentalize cell–cell communication and local intracellular signalling to a degree that surpasses other cell types. The adaptive plastic properties of neurons, synapses and circuits have been classically studied by measurement of electrophysiological properties, ionic conductances and excitability. Over the last 15 years, the field of synaptic and neural electrophysiology has collided with neuronal cell biology to produce a more integrated understanding of how these remarkable highly differentiated cells utilize common eukaryotic cellular machinery to decode, integrate and propagate signals in the nervous system. The present article gives a very brief and personal overview of the organelles and trafficking machinery of neuronal dendrites and their role in dendritic and synaptic plasticity.

scholarly journals Stem cell biology: a never ending quest for understanding.

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Majka ◽  
Magdalena Kucia ◽  
Mariusz Z Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Stem cells (SC) research is an important part of biotechnology that could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. A lot of effort has been put to understand biology of the stem cells and to find genes and subsequently proteins that are responsible for their proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. Different cytokines and growth factors has been used to expand stem cells, but no combination of these factors was identified that could effectively expand the most primitive stem cells. Recently, however, genes and receptors responsible for SC proliferation and differentiation have been described. Ligands for these receptors or these genes themselves are being already used for ex vivo expansion of stem cells and the first data are very promising. New markers, such as CXCR4 and CD133, have been discovered and shown to be present on surface of hematopoietic stem cells. The same markers were recently also found to be expressed on neuronal-, hepatic- or skeletal muscle-stem cells. By employing these markers several laboratories are trying to isolate stem cells for potential clinical use. New characteristics of stem cells such as transdifferentiation and cell fusion have been described. Our team has identified a population of tissue committed stem cells (TCSC). These cells are present in a bone marrow and in other tissues and they can differentiate into several cell types including cardiac, neural and liver cells.

scholarly journals Stem Cell Mechanobiology and the Role of Biomaterials in Governing Mechanotransduction and Matrix Production for Tissue Regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Naqvi ◽  
L. M. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Stem Cell Migration ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Biomechanical Stimuli

Mechanobiology has underpinned many scientific advances in understanding how biophysical and biomechanical cues regulate cell behavior by identifying mechanosensitive proteins and specific signaling pathways within the cell that govern the production of proteins necessary for cell-based tissue regeneration. It is now evident that biophysical and biomechanical stimuli are as crucial for regulating stem cell behavior as biochemical stimuli. Despite this, the influence of the biophysical and biomechanical environment presented by biomaterials is less widely accounted for in stem cell-based tissue regeneration studies. This Review focuses on key studies in the field of stem cell mechanobiology, which have uncovered how matrix properties of biomaterial substrates and 3D scaffolds regulate stem cell migration, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation, and activation of specific biological responses. First, we provide a primer of stem cell biology and mechanobiology in isolation. This is followed by a critical review of key experimental and computational studies, which have unveiled critical information regarding the importance of the biophysical and biomechanical cues for stem cell biology. This review aims to provide an informed understanding of the intrinsic role that physical and mechanical stimulation play in regulating stem cell behavior so that researchers may design strategies that recapitulate the critical cues and develop effective regenerative medicine approaches.

High-Parameter Single-Cell Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratip K. Chattopadhyay ◽  
Aidan F. Winters ◽  
Woodrow E. Lomas ◽  
Andressa S. Laino ◽  
David M. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Class ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
A Cell ◽  
New Biomarkers

Thousands of transcripts and proteins confer function and discriminate cell types in the body. Using high-parameter technologies, we can now measure many of these markers at once, and multiple platforms are now capable of analysis on a cell-by-cell basis. Three high-parameter single-cell technologies have particular potential for discovering new biomarkers, revealing disease mechanisms, and increasing our fundamental understanding of cell biology. We review these three platforms (high-parameter flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and a new class of technologies called integrated molecular cytometry platforms) in this article. We describe the underlying hardware and instrumentation, the reagents involved, and the limitations and advantages of each platform. We also highlight the emerging field of high-parameter single-cell data analysis, providing an accessible overview of the data analysis process and choice of tools.

scholarly journals Stem Cells’ Future: Toward Organ Bioprinting

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Jalal Omrani ◽  
Madjid Momeni-Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Immune Rejection ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Main Material

Organ Bioprinting is a new approach in the field of regenerative medicine that try to make a whole intact functionally active organ from tissue specific cells. Providing such organs are very important because every year many patients need to organ transplantation but the number of donors are so limited. Organs made from different tissue with different kinds of cell types and for Organ Bioprinting first we need to provide these cell types. Currently, with regards to advances in stem cell biology specially invention of easy methods for isolation mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as one the appropriate cell type for regeneration purpose and also due to their unique properties including lack of immune-rejection in allograft, MSCs have gained attention for using in organ production. MSCs can isolate from many tissues of adults and differentiate in a targeted manner into cells of interest; provide a main material of tissue engineering triangle (i.e. cells, biomaterial and growth factors) for 3D bioprinting of human organs on a substrate. Printers have the ability of designing tissues and organs with fusing living tissue specific cells and extracellular matrix in layers to produce 3D biologically functional new organ. It is conceivable that in the near future, stem cells will play their predicted role; i.e. whole organ production.

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