scholarly journals The Impact of Neural Stem Cell Biology on CNS Carcinogenesis and Tumor Types

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Kurian
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The incidence of gliomas is on the increase, according to epidemiological data. This increase is a conundrum because the brain is in a privileged protected site behind the blood-brain barrier, and therefore partially buffered from environmental factors. In addition the brain also has a very low proliferative potential compared with other parts of the body. Recent advances in neural stem cell biology have impacted on our understanding of CNS carcinogenesis and tumor types. This article considers the cancer stem cell theory with regard to CNS cancers, whether CNS tumors arise from human neural stem cells and whether glioma stem cells can be reprogrammed.

scholarly journals Neural Stem Cells Therapy to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03076
Author(s):  
Weibai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
The Brain

Neural stem cells have the ability to proliferation, differentiate and renew, which plays an important role in the growth, maturation and senescence of the human brain. But according to researches, neural stem cells in the brain do not remain active throughout an organism's lifetime. Many neural stem cells become dormant when the brain matures, and may be activated when the body is sick to selectively heal the disease. In recent years, there are many studies on neural stem cells. Joshua[1] and Ting Zhang[2] show that neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease can be improved by the transplantation of neural stem cells, however the specific mechanism is not clear. This paper investigates three main questions: Why neural stem cell transplantation is chosen as a treatment? Where does NSCs derive from in clinical transplantation? How does neural stem cell transplantation treat brain diseases? And we also figure out the answers to these three questions. Firstly, transplantation of hypothalamic NSCs can delay the process of aging in the host, and Chemokines and EVs which secreted by neural stem cells can delay aging and defend neurodegenerative diseases. Secondly, the sources of NSCs can be divided into three types. The first is to isolate NSCs from primary tissue and cultivate them in vitro. The second is to produce the required cells by inducing pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. The third way to get NCS is through transdifferentiation of somatic cells. Thirdly, in brain diseases, transplanted NSCs can migrate from the aggregation site to the site of the disease, reducing damage to the blood-brain barrier, repairing learning and memory abilities that depend on the hippocampus and secreting neurotrophic factors.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Profiling of Hypoxic Neural Stem Cells Identifies Calcineurin-NFATc4 Signaling as a Major Regulator of Neural Stem Cell Biology

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Moreno ◽  
Virginia Fernández ◽  
Josep M. Monllau ◽  
Víctor Borrell ◽  
Carles Lerin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Stem Cell Biology

scholarly journals Effects of Radiation Therapy on Neural Stem Cells

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Michaelidesová ◽  
Jana Konířová ◽  
Petr Bartůněk ◽  
Martina Zíková
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Brain Radiotherapy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Brain and nervous system cancers in children represent the second most common neoplasia after leukemia. Radiotherapy plays a significant role in cancer treatment; however, the use of such therapy is not without devastating side effects. The impact of radiation-induced damage to the brain is multifactorial, but the damage to neural stem cell populations seems to play a key role. The brain contains pools of regenerative neural stem cells that reside in specialized neurogenic niches and can generate new neurons. In this review, we describe the advances in radiotherapy techniques that protect neural stem cell compartments, and subsequently limit and prevent the occurrence and development of side effects. We also summarize the current knowledge about neural stem cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in neural stem cell niches after brain radiotherapy. Strategies used to minimize radiation-related damages, as well as new challenges in the treatment of brain tumors are also discussed.

scholarly journals Role of nuclear receptors in neural stem cell biology of the mammalian central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αθανάσιος Στεργιόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Mammalian Central Nervous System

Το δυναμικό και η ικανότητα αυτο-ανανέωσης και διαφοροποίησης των νευρικών βλαστικών κυττάρων (ΝΒΚ) ελέγχονται από τη δράση διαφόρων μεταγραφικών παραγόντων και πυρηνικών υποδοχέων, επηρεάζοντας μ ’αυτόν τον τρόπο την ανάπτυξη και τη λειτουργία του κεντρικού νευρικού συστήματος (ΚΝΣ). Στην παρούσα μελέτη χαρακτηρίσαμε τον ορφανό πυρηνικό υποδοχέα NR5A2 (LRH1), ως ένα νέο μόριο το οποίο κατέχει κεντρικό αναπτυξιακό ρόλο στο ΚΝΣ. Με πειράματα υπερ-έκφρασης και αποσιώπησης γονιδίων σε πρωτογενή ΝΒΚ καθώς και με ανάλυση εμβρύων ποντικών στα οποία έχει επιτραπεί η ιστο-ειδική και χρονική εξάλειψη του NR5A2, δείξαμε πως ο NR5A2 είναι ικανός να διακόπτει τον πολλαπλασιασμό των ΝΒΚ, οδηγώντας τα προς τη νευρωνική διαφοροποίηση με την παράλληλη απώλεια των αστροκυττάρων. Σε μηχανιστική βάση, ο NR5A2 ελέγχει αυτούς τους φαινοτύπους μέσω της άμεσης επίδρασής του στον γενετικό τόπο του Ink4/Arf, στο Prox1, το οποίο αποτελεί καθοδικό στόχο των προ-νευρικών γονιδίων, καθώς επίσης και στα σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια του Notch1 και του JAK/STAT. Αντιθέτως, ο NR5A2 ρυθμίζεται ανοδικά από προ-νευρικά γονίδια και από τα Notch1 και JAK/STAT μονοπάτια. Συμπερασματικά, οι παρατηρήσεις μας προτείνουν τον NR5A2 σαν ένα νέο υποδοχέα-ρυθμιστή της ανάπτυξης του ΚΝΣ, και, σε συνδυασμό με την ανακάλυψη αγωνιστών/ανταγωνιστών του, τον καθιστούν υποψήφιο στόχο στην ανάπτυξη θεραπευτικών στρατηγικών αναγεννητικής ιατρικής του ΚΝΣ.

Establishment of human OCT4 as a putative HSP90 client protein : a case for HSP90 chaperoning pluripotency

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jason Neville Sterrenberg
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Client Protein ◽  
Hsp90 Inhibition ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression ◽  
Hsp90 Client Protein

The therapeutic potential of stem cells is already being harnessed in clinical trails. Of even greater therapeutic potential has been the discovery of mechanisms to reprogram differentiated cells into a pluripotent stem cell-like state known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Stem cell nature is governed and maintained by a hierarchy of transcription factors, the apex of which is OCT4. Although much research has elucidated the transcriptional regulation of OCT4, OCT4 regulated gene expression profiles and OCT4 transcriptional activation mechanisms in both stem cell biology and cellular reprogramming to iPSCs, the fundamental biochemistry surrounding the OCT4 transcription factor remains largely unknown. In order to analyze the biochemical relationship between HSP90 and human OCT4 we developed an exogenous active human OCT4 expression model with human OCT4 under transcriptional control of a constitutive promoter. We identified the direct interaction between HSP90 and human OCT4 despite the fact that the proteins predominantly display differential subcellular localizations. We show that HSP90 inhibition resulted in degradation of human OCT4 via the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. As human OCT4 and HSP90 did not interact in the nucleus, we suggest that HSP90 functions in the cytoplasmic stabilization of human OCT4. Our analysis suggests HSP90 inhibition inhibits the transcriptional activity of human OCT4 dimers without affecting monomeric OCT4 activity. Additionally our data suggests that the HSP90 and human OCT4 complex is modulated by phosphorylation events either promoting or abrogating the interaction between HSP90 and human OCT4. Our data suggest that human OCT4 displays the characteristics describing HSP90 client proteins, therefore we identify human OCT4 as a putative HSP90 client protein. The regulation of the transcription factor OCT4 by HSP90 provides fundamental insights into the complex biochemistry of stem cell biology. This may also be suggestive that HSP90 not only regulates stem cell biology by maintaining routine cellular homeostasis but additionally through the direct regulation of pluripotency factors.

scholarly journals Regulatory Roles of Bone in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengran Yu ◽  
Zemin Ling ◽  
Lin Lu ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases are two kinds of common disorders of the elderly, which often co-occur. Previous studies have shown the skeletal and central nervous systems are closely related to pathophysiology. As the main structural scaffold of the body, the bone is also a reservoir for stem cells, a primary lymphoid organ, and an important endocrine organ. It can interact with the brain through various bone-derived cells, mostly the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The bone marrow is also a place for generating immune cells, which could greatly influence brain functions. Finally, the proteins secreted by bones (osteokines) also play important roles in the growth and function of the brain. This article reviews the latest research studying the impact of bone-derived cells, bone-controlled immune system, and bone-secreted proteins on the brain, and evaluates how these factors are implicated in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

scholarly journals Toward Personalized Cell Therapies by Using Stem Cells: Seven Relevant Topics for Safety and Success in Stem Cell Therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando de Sá Silva ◽  
Paula Nascimento Almeida ◽  
João Vitor Paes Rettore ◽  
Claudinéia Pereira Maranduba ◽  
Camila Maurmann de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Immunosuppressive Activity ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Tumorigenic Potential ◽  
Wide Range

Stem cells, both embryonic and adult, due to the potential for application in tissue regeneration have been the target of interest to the world scientific community. In fact, stem cells can be considered revolutionary in the field of medicine, especially in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. However, caution is needed in the clinical application of such cells and this is an issue that demands more studies. This paper will discuss some controversial issues of importance for achieving cell therapy safety and success. Particularly, the following aspects of stem cell biology will be presented: methods for stem cells culture, teratogenic or tumorigenic potential, cellular dose, proliferation, senescence, karyotyping, and immunosuppressive activity.

Realistic Prospects for Stem Cell Therapeutics

Hematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 398-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Q. Daley ◽  
Margaret A. Goodell ◽  
Evan Y. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Studies of the regenerating hematopoietic system have led to the definition of many of the fundamental principles of stem cell biology. Therapies based on a range of tissue stem cells have been widely touted as a new treatment modality, presaging an emerging new specialty called regenerative medicine that promises to harness stem cells from embryonic and somatic sources to provide replacement cell therapies for genetic, malignant, and degenerative conditions. Insights borne from stem cell biology also portend development of protein and small molecule therapeutics that act on endogenous stem cells to promote repair and regeneration. Much of the newfound enthusiasm for regenerative medicine stems from the hope that advances in the laboratory will be followed soon thereafter by breakthrough treatments in the clinic. But how does one sort through the hype to judge the true promise? Are stem cell biologists and the media building expectations that cannot be met? Which diseases can be treated, and when can we expect success? In this review, we outline the realms of investigation that are capturing the most attention, and consider the current state of scientific understanding and controversy regarding the properties of embryonic and somatic (adult) stem cells. Our objective is to provide a framework for appreciating the promise while at the same time understanding the challenges behind translating fundamental stem cell biology into novel clinical therapies.

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