scholarly journals Simulation Study on the Spatiotemporal Difference of Complex Neurodynamics between P3a and P3b

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xin Wei ◽  
Xiaoli Ni ◽  
Junye Liu ◽  
Haiyang Lang ◽  
Rui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Single Top ◽  
P300 Potentials

The integration of event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) helps to obtain and study neural networks with high temporal and spatial resolution. EEG/fMRI data proves that in the visual tristimulus oddball paradigm, two P300 potentials (P3a and P3b) induced by target stimulation and novel stimulation are detected at the frontal-middle (Fz), center (Cz), and mid-apical (Pz) electrodes. Previous studies have shown that P3a and P3b have different spatial distributions of brain activation, but it is unclear whether they have the same neural mechanism. The purpose of this study is to determine the neuropsychological mechanisms of P3a and P3b, as well as the spatiotemporal differences in neurodynamics between the two ERP subcomponents. In a group of 25 subjects, P300 ERP induced by target stimulation and novel stimulation can be detected at the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes. At Cz and Fz, compared with P3b related to the target stimulus, the P3a related to the novel stimulus has a higher amplitude and the waveform declines more slowly. But at Pz, P3b has a higher amplitude than P3a. P3a appeared earlier than P3b at Cz and Fz, but the opposite phenomenon was observed at the Pz electrode. The activated brain regions of P3a included the left frontal-parietal lobe region, left anterior wedge lobe region, and right insula, while the target-driven P3b was significantly associated with BOLD changes in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, the left frontal region, and the bilateral insula. The results showed that the integration of the spatial and temporal information of the two imaging modes, namely, ERP and fMRI, proves the existence of the different brain function processes of the two P300 subcomponents. Through the analysis of the composition of P300, the results further proved that the top-down and bottom-up processing processes have played a role in the occurrence of attention capture. It is just that the modulation effects of the two processing mechanisms are different in different tasks. Therefore, it should be noted that the captured neural mechanism is not a single top-down or bottom-up processing process but should be the result of the interaction between the two.

Visual Attention With Cognitive Aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Madden ◽  
Zachary A. Monge
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Features Selection ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Attentional Functioning ◽  
Age Related

Age-related decline occurs in several aspects of fluid, speed-dependent cognition, particularly those related to attention. Empirical research on visual attention has determined that attention-related effects occur across a range of information processing components, including the sensory registration of features, selection of information from working memory, controlling motor responses, and coordinating multiple perceptual and cognitive tasks. Thus, attention is a multifaceted construct that is relevant at virtually all stages of object identification. A fundamental theme of attentional functioning is the interaction between the bottom-up salience of visual features and top-down allocation of processing based on the observer’s goals. An underlying age-related slowing is prominent throughout visual processing stages, which in turn contributes to age-related decline in some aspects of attention, such as the inhibition of irrelevant information and the coordination of multiple tasks. However, some age-related preservation of attentional functioning is also evident, particularly the top-down allocation of attention. Neuroimaging research has identified networks of frontal and parietal brain regions relevant for top-down and bottom-up attentional processing. Disconnection among these networks contributes to an age-related decline in attention, but preservation and perhaps even increased patterns of functional brain activation and connectivity also contribute to preserved attentional functioning.

Top-down Attention Control and Bottom-up Attention Capture During Threat of Shock

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Bartlett A. H. Russell ◽  
Alessandro Prosacco ◽  
Bradley D. Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Attention Capture ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Threat Of Shock

scholarly journals Indexing the graded allocation of visuospatial attention using anticipatory alpha oscillations

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1318-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Gould ◽  
Matthew F. Rushworth ◽  
Anna C. Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Eeg Data

Lateralization in the desynchronization of anticipatory occipitoparietal alpha (8–12 Hz) oscillations has been implicated in the allocation of selective visuospatial attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that small changes in the lateralization of alpha-band activity are predictive of behavioral performance but have not directly investigated how flexibly alpha lateralization is linked to top-down attentional goals. To address this question, we presented participants with cues providing varying degrees of spatial certainty about the location at which a target would appear. Time-frequency analysis of EEG data demonstrated that manipulating spatial certainty led to graded changes in the extent to which alpha oscillations were lateralized over the occipitoparietal cortex during the cue-target interval. We found that individual differences in alpha desynchronization contralateral to attention predicted reaction times, event-related potential measures of perceptual processing of targets, and beta-band (15–25 Hz) activity typically associated with response preparation. These results support the hypothesis that anticipatory alpha modulation is a plausible neural mechanism underlying the allocation of visuospatial attention and is under flexible top-down control.

scholarly journals Visual Search P300 Source Analysis Based On ERP-fMRI Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuzhu Zhang ◽  
Cimei Luo ◽  
Junjun Zhang ◽  
Zhenlan Jin ◽  
Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Source Location ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
P300 Component

ABSTRACTAttention control can be achieved in two ways, stimulus-driven bottom-up attention and goal-driven top-down attention. Different visual search tasks involve different attention control. The pop-out task requires more bottom-up attention, whereas the search task involves more top-down attention. P300 which is the positive potential generated by the brain in the latency of 300-600 ms after the stimulus, reflects the processing of cognitive process and is an important component in visual attention. The P300 source is not consistent in the previous researches, our aim therefore, is to study the source location of P300 component based on visual search attention process. Here we use pop-out and search paradigm to get the ERP data of 13 subjects and the fMRI data of 25 subjects, and analyze the source location of P300 using the ERP-fMRI integration technology with high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution. The target differs from the distractor in color and orientation in the pop-out task, whereas the target and the distractor have different orientation and the same color in the search task. ERP results indicate that pop-out induces larger P300 concentrated in the parietal lobe, whereas search induced P300 is more distributed in the frontal lobe. Further ERP and fMRI integration analyses reveal that the left angular gyrus, right postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe and the left superior frontal gyrus (medial orbital) are the source of P300. Our study suggests the contribution of the frontal and parietal lobes to the P300 component.

scholarly journals Bottom-up Retinotopic Organization Supports Top-down Mental Imagery

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruey-Song Huang ◽  
Martin I. Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Retinotopic Maps ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
High Level

Finding a path between locations is a routine task in daily life. Mental navigation is often used to plan a route to a destination that is not visible from the current location. We first used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based averaging methods to find high-level brain regions involved in imagined navigation between locations in a building very familiar to each participant. This revealed a mental navigation network that includes the precuneus, retrosplenial cortex (RSC), parahippocampal place area (PPA), occipital place area (OPA), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex, and areas along the medial and anterior intraparietal sulcus. We then visualized retinotopic maps in the entire cortex using wide-field, natural scene stimuli in a separate set of fMRI experiments. This revealed five distinct visual streams or ‘fingers’ that extend anteriorly into middle temporal, superior parietal, medial parietal, retrosplenial and ventral occipitotemporal cortex. By using spherical morphing to overlap these two data sets, we showed that the mental navigation network primarily occupies areas that also contain retinotopic maps. Specifically, scene-selective regions RSC, PPA and OPA have a common emphasis on the far periphery of the upper visual field. These results suggest that bottom-up retinotopic organization may help to efficiently encode scene and location information in an eye-centered reference frame for top-down, internally generated mental navigation. This study pushes the border of visual cortex further anterior than was initially expected.

scholarly journals The role of the mirror neuron system in bottom-up and top-down perception of human action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy M. J. McGarry
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emotional Understanding ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Movement Simulation

When we see or hear another person execute an action, we tend to automatically simulate that action. Evidence for this has been found at the neural level, specifically in parietal and premotor brain regions referred to collectively as the mirror neuron system (MNS), and the behavioural level, through an observer's tendency to mimic observed movements. This simulation process may play a key role in emotional understanding. It is currently unclear the extent to which the MNS is driven by bottom-up automatic recruitment of movement simulation, or by top-down (task driven) mechanisms. The present dissertation examines the role of the MNS in the bottom-up and top-down processing of action in the auditory and visual modalities, in response to emotional and neutral movements performed by humans. Study 1 used EEG to demonstrate that the MNS is affected by bottom-up manipulations of modality, and shows that the MNS is activated to a greater extent towards multi-modal versus unimodal sensory input. Study 2 employed an EEG paradigm utilizing a top-down emotion judgment manipulation. It was found that the left STG, part of the extended MNS, is affected by top-down manipulations of emotionality, but there were no areas in classical MNS that met the statistical threshold to be affected by top-down forces. Study 3 employed an fMRi paradigm combining bottom-up and top-down manipulations. It was found that the classical MNS was strongly affected by bottom-up differences in emotionality and modality, and minimally affected by the top-down manipulation. Together, the three studies presented in this dissertation support the premise that the classical mirror neuron system is primarily automatic. More research is needed to determine whether top-down manipulations can uniquely engage the MNS.

scholarly journals The role of the mirror neuron system in bottom-up and top-down perception of human action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy M. J. McGarry
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emotional Understanding ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Movement Simulation

When we see or hear another person execute an action, we tend to automatically simulate that action. Evidence for this has been found at the neural level, specifically in parietal and premotor brain regions referred to collectively as the mirror neuron system (MNS), and the behavioural level, through an observer's tendency to mimic observed movements. This simulation process may play a key role in emotional understanding. It is currently unclear the extent to which the MNS is driven by bottom-up automatic recruitment of movement simulation, or by top-down (task driven) mechanisms. The present dissertation examines the role of the MNS in the bottom-up and top-down processing of action in the auditory and visual modalities, in response to emotional and neutral movements performed by humans. Study 1 used EEG to demonstrate that the MNS is affected by bottom-up manipulations of modality, and shows that the MNS is activated to a greater extent towards multi-modal versus unimodal sensory input. Study 2 employed an EEG paradigm utilizing a top-down emotion judgment manipulation. It was found that the left STG, part of the extended MNS, is affected by top-down manipulations of emotionality, but there were no areas in classical MNS that met the statistical threshold to be affected by top-down forces. Study 3 employed an fMRi paradigm combining bottom-up and top-down manipulations. It was found that the classical MNS was strongly affected by bottom-up differences in emotionality and modality, and minimally affected by the top-down manipulation. Together, the three studies presented in this dissertation support the premise that the classical mirror neuron system is primarily automatic. More research is needed to determine whether top-down manipulations can uniquely engage the MNS.

scholarly journals Enhanced bottom-up and reduced top-down fMRI activity is related to long-lasting non-reinforced behavioral change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Preference Representation ◽  
Term Change

AbstractBehavioral change studies and interventions focus on self-control and external reinforcements as means to influence preferences. Cue-approach training (CAT) has been shown to induce preference changes lasting months following a mere association of items with a neutral cue and a speeded response, without external reinforcements. We utilized this paradigm to study preference representation and modification in the brain without external reinforcements. We scanned 36 participants with fMRI during a novel passive viewing task before, after and 30 days following CAT. We pre-registered the predictions that activity in regions related to memory, top-down attention and value processing underlie behavioral change. We found that bottom-up neural mechanisms, involving visual processing regions, were associated with immediate behavioral change, while reduced top-down parietal activity and enhanced hippocampal activity were related to the long-term change. Enhanced activity in value-related regions was found both immediately and in the long-term. Our findings suggest a novel neural mechanism of preference representation and modification. We suggest that non-reinforced change occurs initially in perceptual representation of items, which putatively lead to long-term changes in memory and top-down processes. These findings could lead to implementation of bottom-up instead of top-down targeted interventions to accomplish long-lasting behavioral change.

scholarly journals Developmental Increase in Top–Down and Bottom–Up Processing in a Phonological Task: An Effective Connectivity, fMRI Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Bitan ◽  
Jimmy Cheon ◽  
Dong Lu ◽  
Douglas D. Burman ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Task Irrelevant

We examined age-related changes in the interactions among brain regions in children performing rhyming judgments on visually presented words. The difficulty of the task was manipulated by including a conflict between task-relevant (phonological) information and task-irrelevant (orthographic) information. The conflicting conditions included pairs of words that rhyme despite having different spelling patterns (jazz–has), or words that do not rhyme despite having similar spelling patterns (pint–mint). These were contrasted with nonconflicting pairs that have similar orthography and phonology (dime–lime) or different orthography and phonology (press–list). Using fMRI, we examined effective connectivity among five left hemisphere regions of interest: fusiform gyrus (FG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), lateral temporal cortex (LTC), and medial frontal gyrus (MeFG). Age-related increases were observed in the influence of the IFG and FG on the LTC, but only in conflicting conditions. These results reflect a developmental increase in the convergence of bottom–up and top–down information on the LTC. In older children, top–down control process may selectively enhance the sensitivity of the LTC to bottom–up information from the FG. This may be evident especially in situations that require selective enhancement of task-relevant versus task-irrelevant information. Altogether these results provide a direct evidence for a developmental increase in top–down control processes in language processing. The developmental increase in bottom–up processing may be secondary to the enhancement of top–down processes.

scholarly journals Repetitive Religious Chanting Invokes Positive Emotional Schema to Counterbalance Fear: A Multi-Modal Functional and Structural MRI Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junling Gao ◽  
Stavros Skouras ◽  
Hang Kin Leung ◽  
Bonnie Wai Yan Wu ◽  
Huijun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetries ◽  
Mri Study

IntroductionDuring hard times, religious chanting/praying is widely practiced to cope with negative or stressful emotions. While the underlying neural mechanism has not been investigated to a sufficient extent. A previous event-related potential study showed that religious chanting could significantly diminish the late-positive potential induced by negative stimuli. However, the regulatory role of subcortical brain regions, especially the amygdala, in this process remains unclear. This multi-modal MRI study aimed to further clarify the neural mechanism underlying the effectiveness of religious chanting for emotion regulation.MethodologyTwenty-one participants were recruited for a multi-modal MRI study. Their age range was 40–52 years, 11 were female and all participants had at least 1 year of experience in religious chanting. The participants were asked to view neutral/fearful pictures while practicing religious chanting (i.e., chanting the name of Buddha Amitābha), non-religious chanting (i.e., chanting the name of Santa Claus), or no chanting. A 3.0 T Philips MRI scanner was used to collect the data and SPM12 was used to analyze the imaging data. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to explore the potential hemispheric asymmetries in practitioners.ResultsCompared to non-religious chanting and no chanting, higher brain activity was observed in several brain regions when participants performed religious chanting while viewing fearful images. These brain regions included the fusiform gyrus, left parietal lobule, and prefrontal cortex, as well as subcortical regions such as the amygdala, thalamus, and midbrain. Importantly, significantly more activity was observed in the left than in the right amygdala during religious chanting. VBM showed hemispheric asymmetries, mainly in the thalamus, putamen, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum; areas related to skill learning and biased memory formation.ConclusionThis preliminary study showed that repetitive religious chanting may induce strong brain activity, especially in response to stimuli with negative valence. Practicing religious chanting may structurally lateralize a network of brain areas involved in biased memory formation. These functional and structural results suggest that religious chanting helps to form a positive schema to counterbalance negative emotions. Future randomized control studies are necessary to confirm the neural mechanism related to religious chanting in coping with stress and negative emotions.

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