scholarly journals Enhanced bottom-up and reduced top-down fMRI activity is related to long-lasting non-reinforced behavioral change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Preference Representation ◽  
Term Change

AbstractBehavioral change studies and interventions focus on self-control and external reinforcements as means to influence preferences. Cue-approach training (CAT) has been shown to induce preference changes lasting months following a mere association of items with a neutral cue and a speeded response, without external reinforcements. We utilized this paradigm to study preference representation and modification in the brain without external reinforcements. We scanned 36 participants with fMRI during a novel passive viewing task before, after and 30 days following CAT. We pre-registered the predictions that activity in regions related to memory, top-down attention and value processing underlie behavioral change. We found that bottom-up neural mechanisms, involving visual processing regions, were associated with immediate behavioral change, while reduced top-down parietal activity and enhanced hippocampal activity were related to the long-term change. Enhanced activity in value-related regions was found both immediately and in the long-term. Our findings suggest a novel neural mechanism of preference representation and modification. We suggest that non-reinforced change occurs initially in perceptual representation of items, which putatively lead to long-term changes in memory and top-down processes. These findings could lead to implementation of bottom-up instead of top-down targeted interventions to accomplish long-lasting behavioral change.

scholarly journals Enhanced Bottom-Up and Reduced Top-Down fMRI Activity Is Related to Long-Lasting Nonreinforced Behavioral Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 858-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Approach Training ◽  
Term Change

Abstract Behavioral change studies and interventions focus on self-control and external reinforcements to influence preferences. Cue-approach training (CAT) has been shown to induce preference changes lasting months by merely associating items with neutral cues and speeded responses. We utilized this paradigm to study neural representation of preferences and their modification without external reinforcements. We scanned 36 participants with fMRI during a novel passive viewing task before, after and 30 days following CAT. We preregistered the predictions that activity in memory, top-down attention, and value-processing regions will underlie preference modification. While most theories associate preferences with prefrontal regions, we found that “bottom-up” perceptual mechanisms were associated with immediate change, whereas reduced “top-down” parietal activity was related to long-term change. Activity in value-related prefrontal regions was enhanced immediately after CAT for trained items and 1 month after for all items. Our findings suggest a novel neural mechanism of preference representation and modification. We suggest that nonreinforced change of preferences occurs initially in perceptual representation of items, putatively leading to long-term changes in “top-down” processes. These findings offer implementation of bottom-up instead of top-down targeted interventions for long-lasting behavioral change.

Dealing with Multiple Models in System Dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem L. Auping ◽  
Erik Pruyt ◽  
Jan H. Kwakkel
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Copper Availability

This paper introduces an approach to compare simulation runs from multiple System Dynamics simulation models. Three dynamic hypotheses regarding the uncertain evolutions of long-term copper availability are introduced and used to illustrate the new approach. They correspond to three different perspectives on the copper system (global top-down, global bottom-up, and regional top-down). Although each of these models allows to generate a wealth of behavioural patterns, the focus in this paper is on the differences in trajectories caused by different models for identical values of shared parameters and identical settings of other assumptions, not on differences in behavioural patterns caused by each of the models. Hence, differences in trajectories between the three models are identified, quantified, and classified based on a quantified measure of difference. For these models, small differences between the trajectories are only found in stable runs, while the alternative perspectives are largely responsible for medium to large differences. Hence, it is concluded that multiple dynamic hypotheses may have to be modelled when dealing with uncertain issues.

Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin V. Butz ◽  
Esther F. Kutter
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Brain

While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.

Visual Attention With Cognitive Aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Madden ◽  
Zachary A. Monge
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Features Selection ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Attentional Functioning ◽  
Age Related

Age-related decline occurs in several aspects of fluid, speed-dependent cognition, particularly those related to attention. Empirical research on visual attention has determined that attention-related effects occur across a range of information processing components, including the sensory registration of features, selection of information from working memory, controlling motor responses, and coordinating multiple perceptual and cognitive tasks. Thus, attention is a multifaceted construct that is relevant at virtually all stages of object identification. A fundamental theme of attentional functioning is the interaction between the bottom-up salience of visual features and top-down allocation of processing based on the observer’s goals. An underlying age-related slowing is prominent throughout visual processing stages, which in turn contributes to age-related decline in some aspects of attention, such as the inhibition of irrelevant information and the coordination of multiple tasks. However, some age-related preservation of attentional functioning is also evident, particularly the top-down allocation of attention. Neuroimaging research has identified networks of frontal and parietal brain regions relevant for top-down and bottom-up attentional processing. Disconnection among these networks contributes to an age-related decline in attention, but preservation and perhaps even increased patterns of functional brain activation and connectivity also contribute to preserved attentional functioning.

Key factors affecting long-term penetration of global onshore wind energy integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hancheng Dai ◽  
Diego Silva Herran ◽  
Shinichiro Fujimori ◽  
Toshihiko Masui
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Factors Affecting

e-Den goes down under

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Paul Brunton
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Education ◽  
Dental Education ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Dental School ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
The Way

Change is a constant in our profession, and we are familiar with this on a daily basis, as we constantly change how we practise. But consider how the way we learn and the very structure of our profession has changed in recent years. If I think back, I attended a traditional dental school and had, in my view, an excellent undergraduate education. Compare that top-down approach to the approach today, with its self-directed learning and student-led clinics – to give a couple of examples of a bottom-up model of providing effective dental education. The net result of this, in my view, is that today’s graduates are a little different in many respects, both when they graduate and in their long-term career ambitions.

Style-Dependency of Melodic Expectation

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Cenkerová ◽  
Richard Parncutt
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Auditory Scene Analysis ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Gestalt Principles ◽  
Auditory Scene ◽  
Similar Organization ◽  
Melodic Expectation

In theories of auditory scene analysis and melodic implication/realization, melodic expectation results from an interaction between top-down processes (assumed to be learned and schema-based) and bottom-up processes (assumed innate, based on Gestalt principles). If principles of melodic expectation are partly acquired, it should be possible to manipulate them – to condition listeners' expectations. In this study, the resistance of three bottom-up expectation principles to learning was tested experimentally. In Experiment 1, expectations for stepwise motion (pitch proximity) were manipulated by conditioning listeners to large melodic leaps; preference for small intervals was reduced after a brief exposure. In Experiment 2, expectations for leaps to rise and steps to fall (step declination) were manipulated by exposing listeners to melodies comprising rising steps and falling leaps; this reduced preferences for descending seconds and thirds. Experiment 3 did not find and hence failed to alter the expectation for small intervals to be followed by an interval in the same direction (step inertia). The results support the theory that bottom-up principles of melodic perception are partly learned from exposure to pitch patterns in music. The long-term learning process could be reinforced by exposure to speech based on similar organization principles.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in the Neural Dynamics of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing During Visual Object Recognition: An Electrophysiological Investigation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Y. Lai ◽  
Romy Frömer ◽  
Elena K. Festa ◽  
William C. Heindel
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

ABSTRACTWhen recognizing objects in our environments, we rely on both what we see and what we know. While elderly adults have been found to display increased sensitivity to top-down influences of contextual information during object recognition, the locus of this increased sensitivity remains unresolved. To address this issue, we examined the effects of aging on the neural dynamics of bottom-up and top-down visual processing during rapid object recognition. Specific EEG ERP components indexing bottom-up and top-down processes along the visual processing stream were assessed while systematically manipulating the degree of object ambiguity and scene context congruity. An increase in early attentional feedback mechanisms (as indexed by N1) as well as a functional reallocation of executive attentional resources (as indexed by P200) prior to object identification were observed in elderly adults, while post-perceptual semantic integration (as indexed by N400) remained intact. These findings suggest that compromised bottom-up perceptual processing of visual input in healthy aging leads to an increased involvement of top-down processes to resolve greater perceptual ambiguity during object recognition.

scholarly journals Satu Kajian Tentang Kawalan Diri, Gangguan Belajar-Masa Lapang dan Kesejahteraan Pelajar

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Asiah Abd Ghani ◽  
Zakiah Mohamad Ashari
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Control ◽  
School Students ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Term Change ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

Learning is a natural ability that every individual has. Ormrod, Anderman and Anderman (2017) explained that learning is a long-term change in mental representation and association from experience. For students, either school students or university students, they do not necessarily spend all their time to study. Students should be able to arrange their study time and leisure time well. This will allow them to learn more effectively. Interference between study and leisure is associated with motivation conflict in which individuals want to do something but at the same time, they need to do something else (Riediger & Freund, 2008), Thus, this analysis is conducted to identify the relationship between self-control, study-leisure interference and student well-being. Previous studies were obtained through online databases such as ScienceDirect, Springer Link and EBSCOHost. The finding shows that there is a correlation between self-control, study-leisure interference with the well-being of students. This is common issue among university students in Malaysia because most students are having difficult to manage their time properly. This will lead students to have workload and tend to putting off their tasks until the last minute.

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