scholarly journals Analysis of the Components in Moxa Smoke by GC-MS and Preliminary Discussion on Its Toxicity and Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Xu ◽  
Si Shan ◽  
Wenlei Wang ◽  
Hongning Liu
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Software ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Pubchem Database ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Moxibustion plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases and the promotion of human health. In this study, the components in moxa smoke from Jiangxi Poai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., namely, Qing moxa sticks, were absorbed by five solvents (cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, anhydrous ethanol, and water) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The identification results of the smoke from the Qing moxa sticks that was absorbed in liquid are as follows: a total of 294 compounds were identified, including 139 in cyclohexane, 145 in ethyl acetate, 60 in n-butanol, 89 in anhydrous ethanol, and 77 in water, and of those, 112 toxic compounds were identified. Furthermore, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software and the PubChem database were successfully applied to analyze the toxic compounds. There were 812 target proteins related to the toxic components, 25 molecular networks, and 54 biological pathways. The results showed that the toxic compounds of moxa smoke may have some side effects on the heart, liver, and kidney of humans. This study revealed that the components of moxa smoke are complex and diverse. Due to the findings of toxic compounds in moxa smoke, we recommend that moxibustion rooms should be equipped with ventilation equipment or enough artificial ventilation to ensure the health of patients and practitioners.

Effect of liraglutide on neural and peripheral markers of metabolic function during antipsychotic treatment in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-302
Author(s):  
Ilijana Babic ◽  
Dominic Sellers ◽  
Paul L Else ◽  
Jessica Nealon ◽  
Ashleigh L Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Metabolic Side Effects ◽  
Feeding Efficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Peripheral Markers

Background: Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that prevents metabolic side effects of the antipsychotic drugs (APDs) olanzapine and clozapine through unknown mechanisms. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic APD and liraglutide co-treatment on key neural and peripheral metabolic signals, and acute liraglutide co-treatment on clozapine-induced hyperglycaemia. Methods: In study 1, rats were administered olanzapine (2 mg/kg), clozapine (12 mg/kg), liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg), olanzapine + liraglutide co-treatment, clozapine + liraglutide co-treatment or vehicle for six weeks. Feeding efficiency was examined weekly. Examination of brain tissue (dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH)), plasma metabolic hormones and peripheral (liver and kidney) cellular metabolism and oxidative stress was conducted. In study 2, rats were administered a single dose of clozapine (12 mg/kg), liraglutide (0.4 mg/kg), clozapine + liraglutide co-treatment or vehicle. Glucose tolerance and plasma hormone levels were assessed. Results: Liraglutide co-treatment prevented the time-dependent increase in feeding efficiency caused by olanzapine, which plateaued by six weeks. There was no effect of chronic treatment on melanocortinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic or endocannabionoid markers in the MBH or DVC. Peripheral hormones and cellular metabolic markers were unaltered by chronic APD treatment. Acute liraglutide co-treatment was unable to prevent clozapine-induced hyperglycaemia, but it did alter catecholamine levels. Conclusion: The unexpected lack of change to central and peripheral markers following chronic treatment, despite the presence of weight gain, may reflect adaptive mechanisms. Further studies examining alterations across different time points are required to continue to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the benefits of liraglutide on APD-induced metabolic side effects.

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daging Buah Mangga Kasturi (Mangifera Casturi) terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas Aeruginosa dan Bacillus Cereus

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Meliana Meliana ◽  
Sogandi Sogandi ◽  
Ekajayanti Kining
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Kasturi (Mangifera casturi) is a typical plant of South Kalimantan which has only been used for consumption because of its distinctive taste and aroma. Mangifera indica, which is in the same genus as Mangifera casturi, shows antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiarrheal activity, so it is suspected that this plant has the same activity. Crude methanol extract from the meat of Casturi mango was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water. Testing for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The positive control used was Chloramphenicol because it has an antibacterial range that is rather broad and the negative control used was 10% DMSO. The fraction that had the greatest antibacterial activity was the ethyl acetate fraction; with the formation of a clear zone of 7.98mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 7.52mm against Bacillus cereus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2mg/mL. The next test was a cell leakage analysis which revealed an increase in absorbance at MIC 1 and MIC 2. The Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results from the ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of phenolic, flavonoid, and glycoide content, with the highest compound concentration of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Keywords: Antibacterial, Extract, Ethyl acetate, fraction, Mangifera casturi Abstrak Kasturi (Mangifera casturi) merupakan tumbuhan khas Kalimantan Selatan yang selama ini hanya dimanfaatkan untuk dikonsumsi karena rasa dan aromanya yang khas. Mangifera indica yang masih satu genus dengan Mangifera casturi menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan, antibakteri, antijamur, dan antidiare sehingga diduga tanaman ini memiliki aktivitas yang sama. Ekstrak kasar metanol daging buah mangga kasturi difraksinasi dengan menggunakan n-heksan, etil asetat, dan metanol-air. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dan kadar hambat minimum dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram (Kirby- Bauer). Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah Chloramfenikol karena memiliki spektrum antibakteri yang cukup luas dan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah DMSO 10%. Fraksi yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terbesar pada penelitian ini adalah fraksi etil asetat dengan terbentuknya zona bening sebesar 7,98mm terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan 7,52mm terhadap Bacillus cereus dengan kadar hambat minimum 2mg/mL. Uji selanjutnya adalah uji kebocoran sel yang menyatakan adanya peningkatan absorbansi pada KHM 1 dan KHM 2. Hasil pemeriksaan Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) dari fraksi etil asetat menyatakan adanya kandungan fenolik, flavonoid, dan glikosida dengan senyawa tertinggi yaitu 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Kata kunci: Antibakteri, Ekstrak, Etil asetat, Fraksi, Mangifera castur

scholarly journals In vivo and in silico investigations of the toxicological and analgesic properties of unprocessed Aloe vera gel in experimental rat models

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhashis Paul ◽  
Arnab Chakraborty ◽  
Debabrata Modak ◽  
Arnab Sen ◽  
Soumen Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Complementary Medicines ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Aloe Gel

Aloe vera is a commonly used plant in both food and medicine industry. The potential toxicological side-effects of prolonged intake of Aloe extract have not been evaluated in detail. This work presents an in-depth toxicological study of the crude unprocessed A. vera gel in experimental rats. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated in a 1 to 28-day long feeding schedule of the aqueous homogenized gel material. Hemoglobin, total protein, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, triglyceride, serum creatinine, serum alanine transaminase (SGPT), aspartate transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase were examined and kidney and liver histology was performed. In the acute toxicity test, the behavioral aspects were also considered. A molecular docking assay was performed to investigate the binding affinities of pure A. vera compounds with liver and kidney toxicological marker enzymes, in order to assess the probable mode of action of selected Aloe constituents. Solubility factors for the active constituents were also studied to determine their possible miscibility with body fluids. The results from in vivo tests provided no major toxicological indications. Crude Aloe gel consumption up to 4 g/kg body weight (b.w.) showed no toxicological side effects. From the structural standpoint, Aloe-based bioactive molecules, such as Aloe-emodin, acetophenone, ?-sitosterol, cholestenol and squalene showed promising binding affinity to qualify as alternative and complementary medicines. The synergistic roles of all A. vera constituents remain to be validated in human disease models.

scholarly journals Patterns of medication use and adherence to medications among residents in the elderly homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda AlGameel
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Objective: To evaluate health care related to medication regimens among institutionalized elders in Damanhour, Beheira Governate, Egypt. Methods: A prospective, multi-centered, observational study was conducted in the two elderly residential homes in Damanhour between March and May 2017. A questionnaire was developed and validated to test for elderly socio-economic, chronic diseases, current therapy adherence, vaccination history and patient education. Descriptive and quantitative analysis were performed. Results: sixty-three elderly residents were included in the study. The sample showed broad socioeconomic variability posing a true reflection of Egyptian population. 63.5% had no hearing problems, 31.7% had proper vision and 57% could move with no help. More than three quarters had chronic diseases of which 58.7% were previously hospitalized. The most prevalent diseases were hypertension, diabetes and arthritis 46%, 41.3%, 26.9% respectively. Only 7.9% and 4.7% showed chronic liver and kidney diseases, respectively and less than 10% suffered from respiratory related diseases. No alcohol drinker, 25.3% were smokers and 58.7% drank caffeine. Only 25.3% of residents showed full adherence to their medication pattern. Approximately 80% of residents never received proper patient education. Forty-three residents did not know the indication of their medications and 92% ignored its side effects. Conclusion: Absence of proper medical care exposure for the elderly residents was reflected in their low medication adherence, adverse side effects and hospitalization. We suggest extension of the national medical insurance system to include larger number of elderly population. To monitor the care given concerning medication, a daily resident gerontological nurse needs to be assigned, visits by clinical pharmacists weekly or bi-weekly from the nearby governmental hospital can improve improper medication. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1923 How to cite this:Algameel M. Patterns of Medication use and adherence to medications among residents in the elderly homes. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1923 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals BERGENIA CILIATA: ISOLATION OF ACTIVE FLAVONOIDS, GC-MS ANALYSIS, ADME STUDY AND INHIBITION ACTIVITY OF OXALATE SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
SHWETA R. GOPHANE ◽  
SAGAR R. JADHAO ◽  
PREETI B. JAMDHADE
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Glycolate Oxidase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Ms Analysis

Objective: Bergenia ciliata (family-Saxifragaceae) is a well-known herb for kidney stone. The main objective of the study was the identification of flavonoids along with ADME profile. Another supportive objective was to check inhibition of enzymes which perform active role in oxalate synthesis. Methods: The hydromethanolic extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction to obtain ethyl acetate and ethyl ether fractions. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 12 volatile chemical compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, etc. were identified and characterized in ethyl acetate fraction through GC-MS analysis Fractions enriched in flavonoids showed glycolate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition with IC50 value (µg/ml) 65.76 and 69.84 respectively. The kinetic behaviour of the extracts that inhibit the Glycolate oxidase and Lactate dehydrogenase activity was determined by the Lineweaver-Burk plot. The mode of inhibition of the studied plant extract was type of a non-competitive inhibition. ADMET screening of compounds successfully passed all the parameters of screening. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, it was found that Bergenia ciliata (rhizome) may serve as a novel and rich source of therapeutic compounds and it can be further explored for urolithiasis treatment purposes.

scholarly journals Isolasi Senyawa Kimia Stigmastan-3,5-Diena Yang Mempunyai Daya Toksik Dari Daun Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus Deglupta Blume.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sari Setianingsih ◽  
Rudi Kartika ◽  
Partomuan Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Ms Analysis

This study was started by extraction of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Using organic solvent   (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) followed by phytochemical screening and toxicity test using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Isolation and identification of chemical compounds contained in the fraction were done by column chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and phenolics in the extract. Toxicity test results showed that the ethyl acetate extract was potentially active with LC50 value of  617.95 ppm. The extract was continued to isolation stage and gave fraction EKEA-3.1 with LC50 value of 2759.93 ppm. Identification of chemical compounds in EKEA-3.1 with KG-MS analysis showed that EKEA-3.1 was suspected to be Stigmastan-3,5-diene.

scholarly journals Clinical Analysis of Intravenous and Oral Sequential Treatment With Voriconazole for Candida Central Nervous System Infection in Six Premature Infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Zhu ◽  
Xiaohui Gong ◽  
Zhiling Li ◽  
Danni Wang ◽  
Chongbing Yan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Sequential Treatment ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Objective: The aim of the study was to observe the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous and oral sequential treatment with voriconazole for Candida central nervous system (CNS) infection in premature infants.Methods: The study included retrospective analysis of the clinical data of six premature infants with Candida CNS infection admitted to the neonatology department in Shanghai Children’s Hospital between November 2016 and November 2019. By reviewing the characteristics of voriconazole based on the literature, it showed that infants without gastrointestinal dysfunction could be effectively treated by intravenous and oral sequential therapy with voriconazole (both 7 mg/kg/dose, every 12 h). Clinical manifestations, the time required for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood culture, nonspecific infection markers such as platelets and C-reactive protein (CRP) to turn normal, and drug-related side effects were observed and recorded in the process of treatment. All data were statistically analyzed by T test and Mann–Whitney U test.Results: A total of six premature infants were diagnosed with Candida CNS infection, two cases were diagnosed by a positive CSF culture and four cases were clinically diagnosed. Blood culture was positive for Candida in five cases. Among the 6 patients, 4 cases were Candida albicans and 2 cases were Candida parapsilosis. All the six cases were cured. After 3–5 days of treatment, symptoms such as lethargy, apnea, and feeding intolerance were improved and disappeared; a repeated blood culture turned negative in 3–7 days; CSF returned to normal in 15 ± 9 days on an average. Brain abscess, meningeal inflammation, and other infectious lesions were cleared on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after treatment. The average total course of voriconazole was 61 ± 29 days, and the average oral treatment was 28 ± 15 days. No Candida recurrence was found during the treatment, and no drug-related side effects such as skin rash, liver and kidney function impairment, or visual abnormalities were found. The white blood cells, CSF glucose/plasma glucose ratio, and protein in CSF were significantly improved after the treatment (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was identified in the liver and kidney function indexes (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Voriconazole is a relatively safe and effective alternative treatment for Candida CNS infection in preterm infants. No severe drug-related side effects were detected.

scholarly journals GCMS ANALYSIS OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI CURVULARIA AERIA MTCC-12847 ISOLATED FROM TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS L.

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Kamana Sahani ◽  
DEEPENDRA THAKUR
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to perform the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of endophytic fungi Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 isolated from Tribulus terrestris L. to find out the active compound present in the extract. Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from the plant Tribulus Terrestris L., leaf which was cultivated in optimized media for the production of secondary metabolites and was extracted using ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract was used for the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Results: GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, the highest amount present was Palmitic acid (24.54%) and Lowest was Dimethyl 1-phenyl-7-methyl-1-hydroxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5.76%). Conclusion: The endophytic fungal Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 extract isolated from the Tribulus terrestris L. shows the presence of various bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Mentha cordifolia Leaves and Their Volatile Constituents

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100
Author(s):  
Sakon Monggoot ◽  
Jariya Burawat ◽  
Patcharee Pripdeevech
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
First Time

A total of 17 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the leaves of Mentha cordifolia Opiz (Lamiaceae). Seven isolates were identified to the level of genus by using taxonomically relevant morphological traits. Colletotrichum and Phomopsis species were dominant among these strains. All strains were separated from M. cordifolia leaf for the first time. The ethyl acetate extracts of all endophytic fungi were tested for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium TISTR1166 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR781. Most endophytes exhibited antibacterial activity. Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 presented the highest inhibition zone diameter with a MIC of 31.25 μg/mL against the tested pathogens. The chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of this strain was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-one components were identified. 2-Phenylethanol (38.7%), E-ligustilide (12.4%), α-eudesmol (10.2%), β-vetivone (4.6%), β-ylangene (3.7%) and verbanol (3.4%) were the major components of the extract. The strong antibacterial activity of Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 ethyl acetate extract may be attributed to the presence of a high concentration of bioactive compounds including phenyl ethyl alcohol, E-ligustilide and α-eudesmol. The results indicate that there is high diversity of endophytic fungi in M. cordifolia leaf, and that Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 strain could be an excellent resource of natural antibacterial compounds.

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