scholarly journals Therapeutic Opportunities in Colorectal Cancer: Focus on Melatonin Antioncogenic Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hucong Wu ◽  
Jiaqi Liu ◽  
Yi Yin ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Pengpeng Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Almost All

Colorectal cancer (CRC) influences individual health worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. Melatonin, which shows multiple physiological functions (e.g., circadian rhythm, immune modulation, and antioncogenic action), can be present in almost all organisms and found in various tissues including gastrointestinal tract. Notably, melatonin disruption is closely associated with the elevation of CRC incidence, indicating that melatonin is effective in suppressing CRC development and progression. Mechanistically, melatonin favors in activating apoptosis and colon cancer immunity, while reducing proliferation, autophagy, metastasis, and angiogenesis, thereby exerting its anticarcinogenic effects. This review highlights that melatonin can be an adjuvant therapy and be beneficial in treating patients suffering from CRC.

scholarly journals Probiotics and Colon Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Drago
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
Bowel Movements ◽  
The Relationship

Literature has recently highlighted the enormous scientific interest on the relationship between the gut microbiota and colon cancer, and how the use of some selected probiotics can have a future impact on the adverse events which occur during this disease. Although there is no clear evidence to claim that probiotics are effective in people with cancer, recent reviews have found that probiotics can significantly reduce the incidence of diarrhea and the average frequency of daily bowel movements. However, most of this evidence needs to be more clinically convincing and further discussed. Undoubtedly, some probiotics, when properly dosed and administered, can have a strong rebalance effect on the gut microbiota and as a consequence a possible positive action on immune modulation of the gastrointestinal tract and on inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Many recent findings indeed support the hypothesis that the daily use of some selected probiotics can be a feasible approach to effectively protect patients against the risk of some severe consequences due to radiation therapy or chemotherapy. This paper aims to review the most recent articles in order to consider a possible adjuvant approach for the use of certain well-balanced probiotics to help prevent colon cancer and the adverse effects caused by related therapies.

Weekly Fluorouracil and Leucovorin as Adjuvant Therapy for Early Stage Colon Cancer or Primary Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
J. Aubrey Waddell ◽  
Dominic A. Solimando
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Advanced Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Early Stage Colon Cancer

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy makes it mandatory that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column reviews various issues related to the preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, both commercially available and investigational.

Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer in a Population-Based Cohort

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1293-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Z. Ayanian ◽  
Alan M. Zaslavsky ◽  
Charles S. Fuchs ◽  
Edward Guadagnoli ◽  
Cynthia M. Creech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii Colon Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies

Purpose: Randomized trials have demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for patients with stage III colon cancer and that chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy improves survival for patients with stage II or III rectal cancer. This population-based study was designed to assess use of these treatments in clinical practice. Patients and Methods: From the California Cancer Registry, we identified all patients diagnosed during 1996 to 1997 with stage III colon cancer (n = 1,422) and stage II or III rectal cancer (n = 534) in 22 northern California counties. To supplement registry data on adjuvant therapies and ascertain reasons they were not used, we surveyed physicians or reviewed office records for 1,449 patients (74%). Results: Chemotherapy rates varied widely by age from 88% (age < 55 years) to 11% (age ≥ 85 years), and radiation therapy varied similarly. Adjusting for demographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics, chemotherapy was used less often among older and unmarried patients, and radiation therapy was used less often among older patients, black patients, and those initially treated in low-volume hospitals. Adjusted rates of chemotherapy varied significantly (P < .01) among individual hospitals: 79% and 51%, respectively, at one SD above and below average (67%). Physicians’ reasons for not providing adjuvant therapy included patient refusal (30% for chemotherapy, 22% for radiation therapy), comorbid illness (22% and 14%, respectively), or lack of clinical indication (22% and 45%, respectively). Conclusion: Use of adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer varies substantially by age, race, marital status, hospital volume, and individual hospital, indicating opportunities to improve care. With enhanced data on adjuvant therapies, population-based registries could become a valuable resource for monitoring the quality of cancer care.

Colorectal Cancer: Case Example

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Stephen L. Demeter
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cancer Case ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Case ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Under California Labor Code Section 3212.1, firefighters, forestry and fire protection workers, peace officers, and first responders receive a potentially rebuttable presumption of compensability for certain conditions, including cancer and leukemia. This case example illustrates the need for accurate clinical, causation, apportionment, and impairment assessments that are based on the facts, current science, and appropriate use of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). A retired California firefighter in his mid-sixties presented for an impairment evaluation for the sequelae of his colon cancer; six years earlier, he was diagnosed with stage 1 colorectal cancer and received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy, followed by surgical resection with a diverting colostomy and take-down surgery. He is morbidly obese (body mass index, 45) and has hypertension. He reported fecal frequency, urgency, and incontinence and stated he had problems with erectile dysfunction (ED) before his diagnosis of colon cancer, but after diagnosis and treatment the problem worsened to impotence. The author presents impairment assessments of this case example according to the AMA Guides, Fifth Edition vs the Sixth Edition. According to the fifth edition, this individual's impairment for lower gastrointestinal tract impairment is 17% whole person impairment (WPI), and this is combined with 5% WPI for ED, resulting in 21% WPI. According to the sixth edition, the lower gastrointestinal tract impairment of 14% is combined with 5% WPI for ED, leading to an 18% WPI.

Polymeric nanoparticles for colon cancer therapy: overview and perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (48) ◽  
pp. 7779-7792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinru You ◽  
Yang Kang ◽  
Geoffrey Hollett ◽  
Xing Chen ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
The Third

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most common malignant tumour and is associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide.

scholarly journals Recurrence Risk after Radical Colorectal Cancer Surgery—Less Than before, But How High Is It?

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Osterman ◽  
Klara Hammarström ◽  
Israa Imam ◽  
Emerik Osterlund ◽  
Tobias Sjöblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Recurrence Risk ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
Recurrence Rates ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Surgery

Adjuvant chemotherapy aims at eradicating tumour cells sometimes present after radical surgery for a colorectal cancer (CRC) and thereby diminish the recurrence rate and prolong time to recurrence (TTR). Remaining tumour cells will lead to recurrent disease that is usually fatal. Adjuvant therapy is administered based upon the estimated recurrence risk, which in turn defines the need for this treatment. This systematic overview aims at describing whether the need has decreased since trials showing that adjuvant chemotherapy provides benefits in colon cancer were performed decades ago. Thanks to other improvements than the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy, such as better staging, improved surgery, the use of radiotherapy and more careful pathology, recurrence risks have decreased. Methodological difficulties including intertrial comparisons decades apart and the present selective use of adjuvant therapy prevent an accurate estimate of the magnitude of the decreased need. Furthermore, most trials do not report recurrence rates or TTR, only disease-free and overall survival (DFS/OS). Fewer colon cancer patients, particularly in stage II but also in stage III, today display a sufficient need for adjuvant treatment considering the burden of treatment, especially when oxaliplatin is added. In rectal cancer, neo-adjuvant treatment will be increasingly used, diminishing the need for adjuvant treatment.

scholarly journals Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer: An Unexplored Territory

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5450
Author(s):  
Sajeen Bahadur Amatya ◽  
Sonja Salmi ◽  
Veera Kainulainen ◽  
Peeter Karihtala ◽  
Justus Reunanen
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancer ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Tract Cancer ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Almost All

Bacterial extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed, lipid bi-layer nanostructures that carry different classes of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and diverse types of small molecular metabolites, as their cargo. Almost all of the bacteria in the gut secrete extracellular vesicles to assist them in competition, survival, material exchange, host immune modulation, infection, and invasion. The role of gut microbiota in the development, progression, and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancer has been well documented. However, the possible involvement of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) in GIT cancer pathophysiology has not been given due attention. Studies have illustrated the ability of bEVs to cross physiological barriers, selectively accumulate near tumor cells, and possibly alter the tumor microenvironment (TME). A systematic search of original published works related to bacterial extracellular vesicles on gastrointestinal cancer was performed for this review. The current systemic review outlines the possible impact of gut microbiota derived bEVs in GIT cancer in light of present-day understanding. The necessity of using advanced sequencing technologies, such as genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic investigation methodologies, to facilitate an understanding of the interrelationship between cancer-associated bacterial vesicles and gastrointestinal cancer is also emphasized. We further discuss the clinical and pharmaceutical potential of bEVs, along with future efforts needed to understand the mechanism of interaction of bEVs in GIT cancer pathogenesis.

Capecitabine in early-stage colon cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer: Results from an Austrian noninterventional trial.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14103-e14103
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Eisterer ◽  
Bjoern Jagdt ◽  
Christa Haeusler ◽  
Markus Krenn
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Line Therapy ◽  
Early Stage Colon Cancer

e14103 Background: Capecitabine (Cap) is approved for adjuvant therapy in stage III colon cancer and for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Austria. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter, single-arm non-interventional trial, Cap-based therapy in patients with early-stage colon cancer and mCRC was observed at 30 sites. Cap was prescribed at the physician’s discretion and according to drug labelling. 409 patients were included between 2008 and 2011. Safety of Cap in routine clinical practice was the primary study endpoint. All adverse events (AEs) were documented in an online CRF by participating investigators. Progression-free survival (PFS), defined as the time from study entry until tumour progression or death, and treatment duration were also assessed. Results: Most of the 409 patients were ≥65 years old (72.6%; n=297). 249 (60.9%) patients were male and 160 (39.1%) were female. 221 (54.0%) patients received Cap as adjuvant therapy; 111 (50.2%) of these received Cap alone, and 110 (49.8%) were treated with Cap plus oxaliplatin. 188 (46.0%) patients were treated for mCRC; 105 (55.9%) received first-line therapy, 48 (25.5%) second-line therapy and 35 (18.6%) third-line or later lines of therapy with different Cap-containing regimens. 163 mCRC patients were eligible for PFS evaluation. The median PFS was 8.1 (range 1.0–28.5) months. Patients who received Cap-based therapy for at least 8 cycles (n=97) had a profound increase in PFS to 9.4 months. The longest treatment duration with Cap was 47 cycles. The median duration of treatment for all patients was 8 cycles (range 1–47) at a median daily dose of 1944 mg/m2 (range 833–3055 mg/m²) for Cap alone and 1862 mg/m2 (range 1111–4166 mg/m²) as part of a combination regimen. The most common grade 3/4 AEs included diarrhoea (2.2%), hand-foot syndrome (2.0%), nausea (0.7%), neuropathy (0.7%), and leukopenia (0.2%). Conclusions: Cap therapy is well tolerated in routine clinical practice. The median number of 8 cycles correlates well with the suggested treatment duration. AEs included only known and previously documented safety reactions. Prolonged treatment with Cap in patients with mCRC leads to a meaningful increase in PFS.

scholarly journals The benefits of primary prevention of colorectal cancer around the age of 20 compared to secondary prevention after the age of 50

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Konstantin A. Shemerovskii ◽  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Vladimir Ph. Mitreikin ◽  
Pavel V. Seliverstov ◽  
Andrei Yu. Iurov
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Bowel Movements ◽  
Behavioral Prevention ◽  
The Brain

The major advantages of primary prevention of colorectal cancer in young adults (around 20 years) compared with se condary prevention in adults (after 50 years). Primary prevention is aimed at screening and eliminating one of the major proven risk factors for colon cancer – chronic constipation and its predecessor – colorectal bradyarrhythmia – as slower circadian rhythm of defecation. The main advantages of primary prevention of colorectal cancer are: non-invasiveness, safety, efficiency and timeliness. Screening of colorectal bradyarrhythmia at 2501 operating physician is allowed to diagnose this arrhythmia in 44% of the surveyed entities. There is discovered the new fundamental dependence between the regularity of circadian rhythm of defecation and an acrophase of this rhythm. The implementation of the morning acrophase of the circadian rhythm of defecation is the key mechanism of the regularity of this rhythm. Repeated screening of colorectal bradyarrhythmia in individuals around the age of 20 years (a month after informing students about the law of circadian rhythm in the brain and intestine) showed that 53% of the students began to observe the morning routine of bowel movements. This led to a transition of moderate stage of colorectal bradyarrhythmia severity (3-4 times a week) in an easy stage (5-6 times a week). It’s proved the possibility of primary (behavioral) prevention of colorectal bradyarrhythmia (colorectal coprostasis) as a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Secondary prevention of colon cancer is associated with the invasiveness of colonoscopy, its possible complications (bleeding, perforation of bowel and fatal outcomes), the high cost of special equipment and late in the approach to screening for colorectal cancer (after the appearance of blood in the stool or after 50 years).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document