scholarly journals Reviewing Interventions against Enterobacteriaceae in Broiler Processing: Using Old Techniques for Meeting the New Challenges of ESBLE. coli?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Projahn ◽  
Ewa Pacholewicz ◽  
Evelyne Becker ◽  
Guido Correia-Carreira ◽  
Niels Bandick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
The Impact

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing Enterobacteriaceae are frequently detected in poultry and fresh chicken meat. Due to the high prevalence, an impact on human colonization and the spread of antibiotic resistance into the environment is assumed. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae can be transmitted along the broiler production chain but also their persistence is reported because of insufficient cleaning and disinfection. Processing of broiler chickens leads to a reduction of microbiological counts on the carcasses. However, processing steps like scalding, defeathering, and evisceration are critical concerning fecal contamination and, therefore, cross-contamination with bacterial strains. Respective intervention measures along the slaughter processing line aim at reducing the microbiological load on broiler carcasses as well as preventing cross-contamination. Published data on the impact of possible intervention measures against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are missing and, therefore, we focused on processing measures concerning Enterobacteriaceae, in particularE. colior coliform counts, during processing of broiler chickens to identify possible hints for effective strategies to reduce these resistant bacteria. In total, 73 publications were analyzed and data on the quantitative reductions were extracted. Most investigations concentrated on scalding, postdefeathering washes, and improvements in the chilling process and were already published in and before 2008 (n=42, 58%). Therefore, certain measures may be already installed in slaughterhouse facilities today. The effect on eliminating ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is questionable as there are still positive chicken meat samples found. A huge number of studies dealt with different applications of chlorine substances which are not approved in the European Union and the reduction level did not exceed 3 log10 values. None of the measures was able to totally eradicate Enterobacteriaceae from the broiler carcasses indicating the need to develop intervention measures to prevent contamination with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and, therefore, the exposure of humans and the further release of antibiotic resistances into the environment.

scholarly journals Impact of On-Farm Interventions against CTX-Resistant Escherichia coli on the Contamination of Carcasses before and during an Experimental Slaughter

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Michaela Projahn ◽  
Jana Sachsenroeder ◽  
Guido Correia-Carreira ◽  
Evelyne Becker ◽  
Annett Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Slow Growing

Cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are still an ongoing challenge in human and veterinary health. High prevalence of these resistant bacteria is detected in broiler chickens and the prevention of their dissemination along the production pyramid is of major concern. The impact of certain on-farm interventions on the external bacterial contamination of broiler chickens, as well as their influence on single processing steps and (cross-) contamination, have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, we investigated breast skin swab samples of broiler chickens before and during slaughter at an experimental slaughter facility. Broiler chickens were previously challenged with CTX-resistant Escherichia coli strains in a seeder-bird model and subjected to none (control group (CG)) or four different on-farm interventions: drinking water supplementation based on organic acids (DW), slow growing breed Rowan × Ranger (RR), reduced stocking density (25 kg/sqm) and competitive exclusion with Enterobacteriales strain IHIT36098(CE). Chickens of RR, 25 kg/sqm, and CE showed significant reductions of the external contamination compared to CG. The evaluation of a visual scoring system indicated that wet and dirty broiler chickens are more likely a vehicle for the dissemination of CTX-resistant and total Enterobacteriaceae into the slaughterhouses and contribute to higher rates of (cross-) contamination during processing.

scholarly journals Resistance Index of Penicillin-Resistant Bacteria to Various Physicochemical Agents

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
M. Kazemi ◽  
R. Kasra Kermanshahi ◽  
E. Heshmat Dehkordi ◽  
F. Payami ◽  
M. Behjati
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Widespread use of various antimicrobial agents resulted in the emergence of bacterial resistance. Mechanisms like direct efflux, formation, and sequestration of metals and drugs in complexes and antiporter pumps are some examples. This investigation aims to investigate the resistance pattern of penicillin-resistant bacterial strains to some physicochemical agents. Sensitivity/resistance pattern of common bacterial strains to antimicrobial agents were evaluated by disk diffusion assay. Broth and agar dilution method were used for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration. The impact of UV ray on the bacterial growth under laminar flow hood was measured using photonmeter. Our data demonstrates that the most prevalent metal resistance was against arsenate (95.92%), followed by cadmium (52.04%) and mercury (36.73%). There was significant difference between cetrimide resistances among studied microbial strains especially for P. aeruginosa (). High rate of pathogen resistance to various antibacterial agents in our study supports previously published data. This great rate of bacterial resistance is attributed to the emergence of defense mechanisms developed in pathogens. The higher general bacterial resistance rate among Staphylococcus strains rather than E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains draws attention towards focusing on designing newer therapeutic compounds for Staphylococcus strains.

scholarly journals Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase- and Plasmid-Encoded Cephamycinase-Producing Enterobacteria in the Broiler Hatchery as a Potential Mode of Pseudo-Vertical Transmission

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Projahn ◽  
Katrin Daehre ◽  
Uwe Roesler ◽  
Anika Friese
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial resistance through extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and transferable (plasmid-encoded) cephamycinases (pAmpCs) represents an increasing problem in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of ESBL-/pAmpC-producing commensal enterobacteria in farm animals, such as broiler chickens, is considered one possible source of food contamination and could therefore also be relevant for human colonization. Studies on transmission routes along the broiler production chain showed that 1-day-old hatchlings are already affected. In this study, ESBL-/pAmpC-positive broiler parent flocks and their corresponding eggs, as well as various environmental and air samples from the hatchery, were analyzed. The eggs were investigated concerning ESBL-/pAmpC-producing enterobacteria on the outer eggshell surface (before/after disinfection), the inner eggshell surface, and the egg content. Isolates were analyzed concerning their species, their phylogroup in the case of Escherichia coli strains, the respective resistance genes, and the phenotypical antibiotic resistance. Of the tested eggs, 0.9% (n = 560) were contaminated on their outer shell surface. Further analyses using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed a relationship of these strains to those isolated from the corresponding parent flocks, which demonstrates a pseudo-vertical transfer of ESBL-/pAmpC-producing enterobacteria into the hatchery. Resistant enterobacteria were also found in environmental samples from the hatchery, such as dust or surfaces which could pose as a possible contamination source for the hatchlings. All 1-day-old chicks tested negative directly after hatching. The results show a possible entry of ESBL-/pAmpC-producing enterobacteria from the parent flocks into the hatchery; however, the impact of the hatchery on colonization of the hatchlings seems to be low. IMPORTANCE ESBL-/pAmpC-producing enterobacteria occur frequently in broiler-fattening farms. Recent studies investigated the prevalence and possible transmission route of these bacteria in the broiler production chain. It seemed very likely that the hatcheries play an important role in transmission and/or contamination events. There are only few data on transmission investigations from a grandparent or parent flock to their offspring. However, reliable data on direct or indirect vertical transmission events in the hatchery are not available. Therefore, we conducted our study and intensively investigated the broiler hatching eggs from ESBL-/pAmpC-positive broiler parent flocks as well as the hatchlings and the environment of the hatchery.

scholarly journals Sources of Variation in the Ampicillin-Resistant Escherichia coli Concentration in the Feces of Organic Broiler Chickens

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Pleydell ◽  
P. E. Brown ◽  
M. J. Woodward ◽  
R. H. Davies ◽  
N. P. French
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Currently, there are limited published data for the population dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant commensal bacteria. This study was designed to evaluate both the proportions of the Escherichia coli populations that are resistant to ampicillin at the level of the individual chicken on commercial broiler farms and the feasibility of obtaining repeated measures of fecal E. coli concentrations. Short-term temporal variation in the concentration of fecal E. coli was investigated, and a preliminary assessment was made of potential factors involved in the shedding of high numbers of ampicillin-resistant E. coli by growing birds in the absence of the use of antimicrobial drugs. Multilevel linear regression modeling revealed that the largest component of random variation in log-transformed fecal E. coli concentrations was seen between sampling occasions for individual birds. The incorporation of fixed effects into the model demonstrated that the older, heavier birds in the study were significantly more likely (P = 0.0003) to shed higher numbers of ampicillin-resistant E. coli. This association between increasing weight and high shedding was not seen for the total fecal E. coli population (P = 0.71). This implies that, in the absence of the administration of antimicrobial drugs, the proportion of fecal E. coli that was resistant to ampicillin increased as the birds grew. This study has shown that it is possible to collect quantitative microbiological data on broiler farms and that such data could make valuable contributions to risk assessments concerning the transfer of resistant bacteria between animal and human populations.

scholarly journals Immunostimulatory Potential of Fruits and Their Extracts in Poultry

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teri-Lyn Hasted ◽  
Shayan Sharif ◽  
Patrick Boerlin ◽  
Moussa Sory Diarra
Keyword(s):  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The impact of antibiotic use for growth promotion in livestock and poultry production on the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria led to the ban of this practice in the European Union in 2006 and a restriction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture in Canada and the United States of America. There is a high risk of infectious diseases such as necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens, and colibacillosis due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in antimicrobial-free broiler chickens. Thus, efficient and cost-effective methods for reducing AMU, maintaining good poultry health and reducing public health risks (food safety) are urgently needed for poultry production. Several alternative agents, including plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been investigated for their potential to prevent and control diseases through increasing poultry immunity. Many studies in humans reported that plant flavonoids could modulate the immune system by decreasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, and proliferation. Fruits, especially berries, are excellent sources of flavonoids while being rich in nutrients and other functionally important molecules (vitamins and minerals). Thus, fruit byproducts or wastes could be important resources for value-added applications in poultry production. In the context of the circular economy and waste reduction, this review summarizes observed effects of fruit wastes/extracts on the general health and the immunity of poultry.

Detection of Quinolones in Commercial Eggs Obtained from Farms in the Espaíllat Province in the Dominican Republic

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MOSCOSO ◽  
F. SOLÍS de los SANTOS ◽  
A. G. ANDINO ◽  
SANDRA DIAZ-SANCHEZ ◽  
I. HANNING
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Test Operation

Previously, we reported the use of quinolones in broiler chickens resulted in residues in retail poultry meat obtained from nine districts in the Santiago Province of the Dominican Republic. Residues in poultry products are a concern due to consumer allergies and the potential to develop antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Given the use of quinolones in poultry production and our previous findings in poultry meat, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of quinolone residues in eggs. Samples were collected from 48 different farms located in three of the four municipalities (Moca, Cayetano Germosén, and Jamao) of the Espaíllat Province. Each farm was sampled three times between July and September for a total of 144 samples. Samples were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for quinolone residues using the Equinox test. Operation systems (cage or floor), seasonality, and location were considered along with egg-producer sizes that were defined as small scale, <30,000 eggs per day; medium scale, 30,000 to 60,000 eggs per day; or large scale, >60,000 eggs per day. From small-, medium-, and large-scale producers, 69, 50, and 40% of samples were positive for quinolone residues, respectively. A greater number of samples were positive (61%) in floor-laying hen producers compared with those using cages (40%). In the Jamao municipality, 67% of the samples were positive compared with Moca and Cayetano Germosén, where 56 and 25% of samples were positive, respectively. Sampling time had an effect on percent positives: samples collected in July, August, and September were 71, 19, and 63% positive, respectively. Overall, 51% of the samples obtained from eggs produced in the province of Espaíllat were positive for quinolone residues at levels higher than the maximum limits for edible tissue established by the regulatory agencies, including the European Union and U.S. Department of Agriculture. The results obtained from this research confirmed the presence of quinolone residue in eggs, which may present a health risk to some consumers.

scholarly journals Prevention and Control of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in The Netherlands and Germany—The Impact of Healthcare Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2337
Author(s):  
Robin Köck ◽  
Karsten Becker ◽  
Evgeny A. Idelevich ◽  
Annette Jurke ◽  
Corinna Glasner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Staffing Ratios ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The Netherlands and Germany are neighbouring countries within the European Union but are differently affected by multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRO). In this narrative review, we summarize data about antibiotic use, the occurrence of MDRO and healthcare-associated infections in these two countries, as well as data about organizational and structural differences between the Dutch and German healthcare systems. These results are discussed with a focus on whether or how the organization of healthcare influences MDRO prevention. We found that from the point of view of MDRO prevention, a higher density of inpatient care, a higher number of hospitals, a longer length of stay and lower staffing ratios might facilitate MDRO dissemination in German hospitals.

scholarly journals Efficacy of rodenticide baits with decreased concentrations of brodifacoum: Validation of the impact of the new EU anticoagulant regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Frankova ◽  
Vaclav Stejskal ◽  
Radek Aulicky
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Published Data ◽  
High Dose ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Resistant Mouse ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rodent Populations

AbstractAnticoagulants are the most frequently used rodenticides at the global scale. Because of their persistency, bioaccumulation and potential for secondary intoxication, they have faced increasing legislative regulations. Recently, the European Union Regulation (EU) 2016/1179 resulted in the production and application of rodenticides with nearly half dose (<30 ppm) of anticoagulants. However, published data on the biological efficacy of rodenticides with decreased doses are scarce in the EU. Therefore, this work compared the efficacy of the original high-dose (50 ppm) and new low-dose (25 ppm) brodifacoum-based baits in the offspring of wild-caught house mice (Mus musculus L.). In the no-choice laboratory feeding tests, 100% animals died in all treated groups and 0% died in the control groups. The achieved time to death did not differ between the original and low-dose baits across both types of feeding trials/regimes. The low-dose baits (25 ppm) were consequently tested under field conditions in two populations showing 95.7% and 99.8% efficacy. The obtained results highlighted the good efficacy of the new baits based on low-dose brodifacoum in non-resistant mouse populations. However, further validation is required regarding the remaining anticoagulant compounds and resistant rodent populations.

scholarly journals Detection, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Genes Encoding S-Proteins in Lactobacillus gallinarum Strains Isolated from Chicken Crops

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 6633-6643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Hagen ◽  
Le Luo Guan ◽  
Gerald W. Tannock ◽  
Doug R. Korver ◽  
Gwen E. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
S Proteins

ABSTRACT Thirty-eight isolates of Lactobacillus gallinarum cultured from the crops of broiler chickens were screened for the presence of genes encoding S-layer proteins. All of the isolates had two S-protein genes, which were designated Lactobacillus gallinarum S-protein (lgs) genes. One gene in each isolate was either lgsA or lgsB. The Lactobacillus isolates were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA digests, which grouped the isolates into 17 genotypes (strains). The second gene in each of eight representative strains was sequenced and shown to differ among strains (lgsC, lgsD, lgsE, lgsF, lgsG, lgsH, and lgsI). The genome of each strain thus encoded a common S-protein (encoded by either lgsA or lgsB) and a strain-specific S-protein. The extraction of cell surface proteins from cultures of the eight strains showed that each strain produced a single S-protein that was always encoded by the strain-specific lgs gene. Two of the strains were used to inoculate chickens maintained in a protected environment which were Lactobacillus-free prior to inoculation. DNAs and RNAs extracted from the digesta of the chickens were used for PCR and reverse transcription-PCR, respectively, to demonstrate the presence and transcription of lgs genes in vivo. In both cases, only the strain-specific gene was transcribed. Both of the strains adhered to the crop epithelium, consistent with published data predicting that S-proteins of lactobacilli are adhesins. The results of this study provide a basis for the investigation of gene duplication and sequence variation as mechanisms by which bacterial strains of the same species can share the same habitat.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: A global overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2070-2084
Author(s):  
Rafael Enrique Castro-Vargas ◽  
María Paula Herrera-Sánchez ◽  
Roy Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
First Choice ◽  
The Impact

Salmonella enterica is the most important foodborne pathogen, and it is often associated with the contamination of poultry products. Annually, Salmonella causes around 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths worldwide. Antimicrobial therapy is the first choice of treatment for this bacterial infection; however, antimicrobial resistance has become a problem due to the misuse of antibiotics both in human medicine and animal production. It has been predicted that by 2050, antibiotic-resistant pathogens will cause around 10 million deaths worldwide, and the WHO has suggested the need to usher in the post-antibiotic era. The purpose of this review is to discuss and update the status of Salmonella antibiotic resistance, in particular, its prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance patterns in response to critical antimicrobials used in human medicine and the poultry industry. Based on our review, the median prevalence values of Salmonella in broiler chickens, raw chicken meat, and in eggs and egg-laying hens were 40.5% ( interquartile range [IQR] 11.5-58.2%), 30% (IQR 20-43.5%), and 40% (IQR 14.2-51.5%), respectively. The most common serotype was Salmonella Enteritidis, followed by Salmonella Typhimurium. The highest antibiotic resistance levels within the poultry production chain were found for nalidixic acid and ampicillin. These findings highlight the need for government entities, poultry researchers, and producers to find ways to reduce the impact of antibiotic use in poultry, focusing especially on active surveillance and finding alternatives to antibiotics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document