In the paediatric population, the associations ofHelicobacter pyloriwith gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenitis and duodenal ulcer, and with duodenal gastric surface metaplasia and disorders of the D cell-G cell axis resulting in hypergastrinemia, are well established and in many ways resemble their counterparts in adults. Eradication ofH pyloriinvariably results in the reversal of these diseases with time. There are also suggestions that gastric surface metaplasia is more extensive in children withH pylori, and may be the site of duodenalH pyloriinfection and associated duodenal erosions or ulcers. There is no consensus as to whetherH pyloriin children is more or less severe than in adults. In one paediatric cohort,H pyloriwas associated with increased intensity of inflammation, while other studies suggest that acute inflammation may be less intense in children overall but that chronic inflammation may be increased in intensity, including lymphoid hyperplasia, which in turn may correlate with endoscopic nodularity. Lymphoid hyperplasia and nodular gastritis appear to be more frequent in children than in adults and usually regress followingH pylorieradication. However, in children, other diseases or morphological abnormalities, including some loss of glands (atrophy), occasionally intestinal metaplasia, lymphoproliferative diseases including low grade mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, lymphocytic gastritis and hypertrophic gastritis/Menetrier’s disease, are much less frequently associated withH pylorithan in adults. Other associations are rarely seen in children, primarily because the time required for these to develop takes the individual to adulthood; for example, while intestinal metaplasia occurs in the pediatric population, the complications of adenoma/dysplasia and carcinoma are rare. In adults, inflammatory and hyperplastic polyps, atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia, and in some patients granulomas (granulomatous gastritis), may also be associated withH pyloriinfection. Greater awareness of the spectrum of diseases associated withH pylorimay well lead to their increased recognition in the paediatric population. Some diseases, particularly Crohn’s disease, but also human immunodeficiency virus infection, have a negative association withH pylorithat appears not to be simply a result of the excess antibiotic therapy that these patients receive. These variations in association and reactions toH pylori, some of which are age-related, may allow the different host responses toH pylorithat occur in humans to be examined.
Non-Helicobacter pylori Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia in Children: A Series of Cases and Review of the Literature