scholarly journals Comparison of Nasal Colonization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-Infected and Non-HIV Patients Attending the National Public Health Laboratory of Central Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalash Neupane ◽  
Binod Rayamajhee ◽  
Jyoti Acharya ◽  
Nisha Rijal ◽  
Dipendra Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Nasal Colonization ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
National Public Health

Background. Staphylococcus aureus is a cardinal source of community- and hospital-acquired infection. HIV infection is a well-recognized risk factor for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage and infection. Intrinsically developed antibiotic resistance has sharply increased the burden of MRSA which is often associated with morbidity and mortality of the patients. Moreover, nasal carriage of S. aureus plays a significant role in spread of community-associated (CA) S. aureus infections. Methods. This study was conducted from June 2016 to December 2016 at National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Kathmandu, with an aim to assess the rate of S. aureus nasal carriage and MRSA carriage among HIV-infected and non-HIV patients. A total of 600 nonrepeated nasal swabs were analyzed following standard microbiological procedures, where 300 swabs were from HIV-infected patients while remaining 300 were from non-HIV patients. The isolates were identified on the basis of colony characteristics and a series of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) was performed by the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Inducible clindamycin resistance in isolates was confirmed by the D-test method. Results. Overall, out of 600 nasal swabs of patients tested, 125 (20.8%) were S. aureus nasal carriers which included 80 out of 300 (26.66%) among HIV-infected patients and 45 (15%) out of 300 among non-HIV patients, and the result was statistically significant (p=0.0043). Among the isolated S. aureus, 11 (13.8%) MRSA were confirmed in HIV-infected while 3 (6.7%) MRSA were detected from non-HIV patients. A higher number of S. aureus carriers was detected among HIV-infected males 40 (26.49%), whereas MRSA carriage was more prevalent among HIV-infected females 7 (5.1%). Among the HIV-infected, patients of age group 31–40 years were the ones with highest carriage rate 36 (45%), while in non-HIV patients, the highest rate 13 (28.9%) of carriage was detected among the patients of age group 21–30 years. Statistically significant difference was found between S. aureus carriage and HIV infection in patients (p<0.05). Higher rate 2/3 (66.7%) of inducible clindamycin resistance in MRSA was detected from non-HIV patients in comparison to HIV-infected patients 7/11 (63.63%) while the result was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). All the MRSA isolates (100%) were resistant against co-trimoxazole while ciprofloxacin showed high rate of sensitivity towards both MSSA and MRSA. None of the isolates were detected as VRSA. The major factors associated with nasal colonization of S. aureus were close personal contact, current smoking habit, and working or living in a farm (p<0.05). Conclusion. Regular surveillance and monitoring of MRSA nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility pattern are of prime importance in controlling S. aureus infections especially in high risk groups like HIV-infected patients.

scholarly journals Epidemiological studies of malaria parasite on HIV patients attending General Hospital Awo-Omamma, Oru East, Imo State,Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Treasure Njoku-Obi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Malarial Infection ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World

HIV and malaria are the two most prevalent and deadly diseases in the world. Malaria and HIV accounted for about 255 million cases in 2017, with malaria having 86% of this distribution and HIV having 14% of the distribution. Given the overlap of their geographic distribution and resultant rates of coinfection, interactions between the two diseases pose major public health problems. This study was aimed at investigating the epidemiology of malaria –HIV co-infection in respect to sex, age and its association with CD4+ count and viral load. 230 HIV sero-positive participants and 100 HIV sero-negative participants(control) were employed for this study. 52 (22.6%) of the HIV infected participants tested positive for malaria while only 9(9.0%) of the non-HIV participants tested positive to malaria. The prevalence of malarial infection in HIV positive individuals was higher in females (23.9%) than in males (18.5%). While in age group of 30-39 showed the highest prevalence (35.3%) of co-infection. A high prevalence of 47.7% was recorded with CD4+ below 200 cells/μl than 7.6% in participants with CD4+ greater than 200 cells/μl. A highprevalence (49.2%) was also detected in patients with viral load of above 10,000 copies/μl compared to that of those with viral load less than 10,000 copies/μl(12.6%). This study showed a high prevalence of malaria in HIV patients in Awo-Omamma,Oru East, Imo state. This should be considered a great concern to public health. Thus, more effort should be put in research to curb this health issue.

scholarly journals Persistent Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus Is Associated with Deficient Induction of Human β-Defensin 3 after Sterile Wounding of Healthy SkinIn Vivo

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 2658-2662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Zanger ◽  
Dennis Nurjadi ◽  
Bernadette Vath ◽  
Peter G. Kremsner
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Nasal Colonization ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antistaphylococcal Activity

ABSTRACTPersistent nasal carriage ofStaphylococcus aureusis the primary reservoir for this pathogen and a risk factor for infection. The nares of 12 to 30% of healthy individuals are persistently colonized with staphylococci. Elucidating the yet enigmatic determinants of this phenomenon is of major public health interest. We hypothesized that differences in the levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are found in human skin and have pronounced antistaphylococcal activity may contribute to this phenomenon. We compared constitutive and induced mRNA levels of RNase 7 and human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in healthy and experimentally wounded gluteal skin of 60 volunteers after ascertaining their carrier status through repeated nasal cultures. We found that levels of HBD-3 expression in skin of persistent nasal carriers ofS. aureuswere lower: induced levels in carriers were 63% (95% confidence interval, 43 to 94%;P= 0.02) and constitutive levels were 76% (95% confidence interval, 52 to 110%;P= 0.14) of those found in noncarriers. No such associations were present for RNase 7. In conjunction with existing knowledge, these findings suggest that healthy individuals with deficient HBD-3 expression in keratinocytes are more prone to persistent nasal colonization withS. aureus.

scholarly journals Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus in Healthy Children and its Possible Bacteriophage Isolates in Basrah, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 467-475
Author(s):  
Nidham M. Jamalludeen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Nasal Colonization ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Nasal Swabs

There is an evidence of high infections with community acquired Staphylococcus aureus among the healthy children. Anterior nasal colonization with S. aureus plays important role of spreading such infections with this organism. To evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus among healthy children, nasal swabs were collected from 119 children within the age from 1 month to 5 years. Parents or/and guardians combined the children were also interviewed for a questionnaire associated with the organism risk factors. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in percentage of 14.28% out of 119 samples processed; among these 41.2% were Methicillin resistant S. aureus. The carriage of the organism was significantly noticed between the age groups that were live with big family size and were not attending preschool. In this study, the prevalence of MRSA was relatively high. Three bacteriophages specific for s. aureus were isolated as a candidate for biocontrol or treatment of the nasal carriages.

scholarly journals Halting the pandemic outside ‘CORTINA2021’ alpine world ski championships: a challenge for sport and public health in times of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Polo Anna ◽  
Pais Dei Mori Luigi ◽  
Mongillo Michele ◽  
De Luca Giuseppe ◽  
Facchin Giacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Regional Health Authorities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Abstract Background In February 2021 the “Cortina2021” Alpine World Ski Championships took place in the mountain town of Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italy), thus gaining the definition of “first sporting event of global significance in the time of covid-19 pandemic”. Though the event took place behind closed doors and in a context of national public health restrictive measures, it counted almost 6,000 participants. Methods A rigorous “Covid-19 Prevention and Hygiene Protocol” was drawn up by the local and regional health authorities together with the organizing committee, in order to contain the risk of viral circulation within the venue. Results Overall about 20,000 rapid antigen nasal swabs were performed to screen-detect sars-cov2 cases: only 22 of these were found positive, whereas 25 people were quarantined as close contacts. Conclusions The experience of “Cortina2021” proves that mass gatherings can take place even in times of epidemic threats, if adequately planned and by providing public health recommendations tailored on the viral circulation foreseen by the time the event is due. If new epidemics should arise in the future, hopefully the public health management of “Cortina2021” may be a template for next mass gatherings to be held, as far as possible, despite the viral circulation.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
N. Lakshmi ◽  
K. Prasanthi ◽  
P. Kamala ◽  
C. Siva Kalyani ◽  
P. Appa Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Hemagglutination Assay ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by, Treponema pallidum. Syphilis facilitates the transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and causes transient increase in the viral load. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are 3-5 times more likely to acquire HIV infection, if exposed to the virus through sexual contact. Aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Syphilis in HIV patients.Methods: A total of 920 blood samples were collected from HIV patients attending ART (Antiretroviral therapy) centre and were tested for Syphilis by using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) and Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination Assay (TPHA). A total of 100 HIV non-reactive individuals were taken as a control group.Results: Out of 920 samples, 102 (11.1%) were positive for Syphilis. Out of 102 Syphilis seropositive patients, males (76.5%) were more commonly affected in age group of 21-40 years. Both RPR and TPHA were reactive in 46% of cases and only TPHA reactive in 53.9% of cases. Out of 100 HIV non-reactive patients, 5% of patients are reactive for Syphilis.Conclusions: In the present study, prevalence of Syphilis was more in HIV patients compared to HIV non-reactive persons. Persons with HIV infection acquired through sexual route should be screened for Syphilis by one nonspecific test along with specific test to confirm the diagnosis. This will help in proper management of the patients having Syphilis and HIV co-infection.

Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among Vietnamese adults: prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility profile

MedPharmRes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phan ◽  
Hien Pham ◽  
Thuc Nguyen ◽  
Hoai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight History ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vietnamese Community

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.

Guidelines for Reviewing National Public Health Law

Medicne pravo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Andre den Exter ◽  
◽  
Alexey Goryainov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Public Health Law ◽  
National Public Health

scholarly journals Hematological Profile of HIV-Infected Patients on First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Correlation With CD4 Count

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Jospeh Diamond Princy ◽  
Kshetrimayum Birendra Singh ◽  
Ningthoujam Biplab ◽  
Ningthoukhongjam Reema ◽  
Rajesh Boini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Total Leukocyte Count ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency. Disorders of hematopoietic system are a common but often overlooked complication of HIV infection. This can manifest at any stage of the disease but more commonly in the advanced stage with low CD4 count. Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in HIV patients and prevalence ranges from 1.3 to 95%. As HIV disease progresses, the prevalence and severity of anemia also increase. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the hematological parameters of HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at different treatment durations with the hope to improve the HAART outcome in HIV patients and its correlation with CD4 count. Methods This prospective longitudinal study enrolled 134 HIV-infected patients admitted to or attending the OPD in the Department of Medicine or Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Center (Center of Excellence), Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, from 2018 to 2020. Complete hemogram, CD4 count, and other related-blood investigations were studied. Results The mean age of the study population was 39.9 ± 11.04 years. Of the 134 patients, 75 (56%) were males and 59 (44%) were females. Twelve (9%) patients had a history of injecting drug use (IDU). TLE (tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz) regimen was started on 112 (83.6%) patients and the majority of them (69/134 [51.5%]) had a CD4 count of 200 to 499 cells/mm3, which increased significantly 6 months after HAART to 99 to 1,149 cells/mm3, with a mean of 445 ± 217 cells/mm3. There were significant improvements in hemoglobin (Hb) levels, total leukocyte count (TLC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) after HAART indicating a positive correlation with CD4 count (p < 0.05). Thrombocytopenia was observed higher after HAART when compared to baseline. There was a positive correlation between platelet count and CD4 count. However, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) had a negative correlation with CD4 count. Conclusion The study inferred a strong positive correlation between CD4 and Hb levels, TLC, ANC, ALC, and platelet count after HAART with improvement in these values as CD4 count increases. Specific treatment intervention based on the changes in the immunohematological profile trends can help prevent most of the adverse effects on HIV patients in our community.

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