scholarly journals Evaluating the Contribution of Nocardia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Pulmonary Infections among HIV and Non-HIV Patients at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Asamoah Sakyi ◽  
Kwabena Owusu Danquah ◽  
Richard Dadzie Ephraim ◽  
Anthony Enimil ◽  
Venus Frimpong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Routine Diagnosis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Prevalence

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of human mortality particularly in association with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nocardia spp. has emerged as an opportunistic infection especially in HIV patients. The high prevalence of TB and HIV coupled with the lack of a definitive laboratory diagnosis for Nocardia spp. could lead to misdiagnosed pulmonary TB. This study determined the prevalence of pulmonary infections due to Nocardia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum of HIV and non-HIV patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis at KATH. A total of sixty sputum samples were obtained from HIV and non-HIV patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Samples were examined by fluorescence based Ziehl–Neelsen staining, culture, and PCR methods. The prevalence of Nocardia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 18.3% and 20%, respectively, with the latter having the highest rate among patients aged 21–40 years (P=0.075). The prevalence of Nocardia spp. among HIV patients was 90.9% whilst 16.7% of the patients had HIV/Nocardia spp. coinfection. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by fluorescence-based Ziehl–Neelsen staining, culture, and PCR yielded 9 (15%), 11 (18.3%), and 12 (20%), respectively. There is a high prevalence of nocardiosis especially in HIV patients. PCR is a better diagnostic method that detects both Nocardia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and should be incorporated into routine diagnosis for pulmonary infections.

scholarly journals Gambaran nitrit urin pada pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusye A.H. Berhandus ◽  
Arthur E. Mongan ◽  
Mayer F. Wowor
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Urine Dipstick ◽  
Urine Examination ◽  
Normal Urine

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Pulmonary TB influence nutritional status because the course of the disease that affects immune system and caused immunodeficiency which makes TB patient prone to infection including urinary tract infection. The most common diagnostic method is chemical urinalysis using urine dipstick especially nitrite. Nitrite urine examination can be used to find bacteria in urine. In normal urine, nitrite is usually absent, but nitrate in urine will be reduced by the bacteria that have reductase enzyme and change to nitrite. This study was aimed to obtain the urine nitrite profile in adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectoional design to obtain data of nitrite in urinalysis of pulmonary tuberculosis patients from October to November 2016 at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. Sampels were urine of all pulmonary tuberculosis patients that met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that all 30 patients’ urine samples did not contain nitrite. Conclusion: The profile of urine of 30 pulmonary tuberculosis patients showed absence of nitrite.Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, urinalysis, nitrite Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB paru dapat mempengaruhi status gizi penderita karena proses perjalanan penyakitnya yang mempengaruhi daya tahan tubuh menyebabkan immunodefisiensi sehingga rentan terkena berbagai penyakit infeksi diantaranya infeksi saluran kemih. Metode paling umum pada urinalisis adalah uji kimia dengan menggunakan dipstick urin terutama nitrit. Pemeriksaan nitrit urin dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya bakteriuria. Pada urin normal tidak terdapat nitrit, namun nitrat yang terdapat pada urin akan mengalami reduksi oleh bakteri yang mempunyai enzim reduktase menjadi nitrit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran nitrit urin pada pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel penelitian ialah urin sewaktu dari semua pasien tuberkulosis paru yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Dari hasil urinalisis nitrit urin yang dilakukan terhadap 30 pasien yang terdiagnosis penyakit tuberkulosis paru dewasa, seluruhnya (30 pasien) didapatkan hasil nitrit negatif. Simpulan : Dari 30 pasien yang diperiksa nitrit urin didapatkan seluruhnya hasil nitrit negatif. Kata kunci : tuberkulosis paru, urinalisis, nitrit

scholarly journals Acid fast bacilli detected in the oral swab sample of a pulmonary tuberculosis patient

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Reiska Kumala Bakti ◽  
Ni Made Mertaniasih ◽  
Diah Savitri Ernawati ◽  
Bagus Soebadi ◽  
Priyo Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Buccal Mucosa ◽  
Symptom Assessment ◽  
Tuberculosis Patient ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that persists as a health problem worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as an etiological agent, is transmitted from infected to uninfected individuals via airborne droplet nuclei. Oral health care workers or dental practitioners may be at high risk of TB infection because of their close proximity to infected individuals during treatment procedures. Simple and rapid screening of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the oral cavity is necessary in order to prevent transmission of infection. Purpose: To investigate the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the buccal mucosa of pulmonary TB patients. Methods: Nineteen pulmonary TB patients of both sexes, ranging in age from 19 to 74 years old participated in this study. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was performed by clinical symptom assessment and supporting examination, including acid-fast bacilli on sputum examination. Two buccal mucosa swabs taken from pulmonary TB patients were collected for acid fast bacilli direct smear by Ziehl Neelsen staining. Results: With regard to mycobacterium tuberculosis, acid-fast bacilli presented in 10.5% of the oral buccal mucosa swabs of subjects, whereas in the sputum specimens, bacilli were found in 52.6% of subjects. Conclusion: Acid-fast bacilli can be found in the buccal epithelial mucosa of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, although its presence was very limited.

scholarly journals The silent pandemic in South Africa: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis from head to heel

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla E. Le Roux ◽  
Sucari S.C. Vlok
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Normal Chest Radiograph ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of communicable disease-related deaths in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide and in South Africa. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disseminates haematogenously from an active primary lung focus and may affect extra-pulmonary sites in up to 15% of patients. Extra-pulmonary TB may present with a normal chest radiograph, which often causes a significant diagnostic dilemma. This review describes the main sites of involvement in EPTB, which is illustrated by local imaging examples.

scholarly journals Diagnostic challenges and Gene-Xpert utility in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis among suspected cases of Pulmonary tuberculosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251858
Author(s):  
Shaila Kabir ◽  
M. Tanveer Hossain Parash ◽  
Nor Amalina Emran ◽  
A. B. M. Tofazzal Hossain ◽  
Sadia Choudhury Shimmi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Smear Negative

The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) can be reduced by preventing transmission with rapid and precise case detection and early treatment. The Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF assay is a useful tool for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with rifampicin resistance within approximately two hours by using a nucleic acid amplification technique. This study was designed to reduce the underdiagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary TB and to assess the clinical and radiological characteristics of PTB patients. This cross-sectional study included 235 participants who went to the Luyang primary health care clinic from September 2016 to June 2017. The demographic data were analyzed to investigate the association of patient gender, age group, and ethnicity by chi-square test. To assess the efficacy of the diagnostic test, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated. The area under the curve for sputum for both AFB and gene-Xpert was analyzed to compare their accuracy in diagnosing TB. In this study, TB was more common in males than in females. The majority (50.71%) of the cases belonged to the 25–44-year-old age group and the Bajau ethnicity (57.74%). Out of 50 pulmonary TB cases (smear-positive with AFB staining), 49 samples were positive according to the Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF assay and was confirmed by MTB culture. However, out of 185 smear-negative presumptive cases, 21 cases were positive by Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF assay in that a sample showed drug resistance, and these results were confirmed by MTB culture, showing resistance to isoniazid. In comparison to sputum for AFB, Gene-Xpert showed more sensitivity and specificity with almost complete accuracy. The additional 21 PTB cases detection from the presumptive cases by GeneXpert had significant impact compared to initial observation by the routine tests which overcame the diagnostic challenges and ambiguities.

scholarly journals Gambaran berat jenis urin pada pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldira B. Pratama ◽  
Arthur E. Mongan ◽  
Mayer F. Wowor
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Gravity Test

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Drugs that given to the TB patients such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, and rifampicin. Rifampicin and streptomycin can damage the kidneys and can changes in the urine specific gravity. This study aims to describe the specific gravity of urine in adult pulmonary TB patients in the department of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. This research uses descriptive observational method by means of random consecutive sampling to obtain data on the weight of the urine in adult pulmonary TB patients conducted in October-November 2016 in the department Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. The sample used is a urine sample from pulmonary TB patient with inclusion criteria. The result of urine specific gravity test that obtained from 30 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 27 patients (90%) with the results of 1010-1025, 1 patient (3.33%) with the results of the urine specific gravity ≤1.005, and 2 patients with the results of the urine specific gravity ≥ 1030. outpatients have an average urine specific gravity higher than inpatients. Overview urine specific gravity in this study largely still in the normal range.Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, Urinalysis, urine specific gravity Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah suatu penyakit infeksi kronik yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Obat yang diberikan pada pasien TB meliputi isoniazid, pirazinamid, etambutol, streptomisin, dan rifampisin. Rifampisin dan streptomisin dapat merusak ginjal dan dapat menyebabkan perubahan berat jenis urin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran berat jenis urin pada pasien TB paru dewasa di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif observasional dengan cara random consecutive sampling untuk mendapatkan data tentang berat jenis urin pada pasien TB paru dewasa yang dilakukan pada oktober-november 2016 di RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Sampel yang digunakan adalah sampel urin sewaktu pasien TB paru yang memenuhi kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Hasil pemeriksaan berat jenis urin yang didapatkan dari 30 pasien TB paru, 27 pasien (90%) dengan hasil 1.010-1.025, 1 pasien (3,33%) dengan hasil berat jenis urin ≤1.005, dan 2 pasien dengan hasil berat jenis urin ≥1.030. pasien rawat jalan mempunyai rerata berat jenis urin lebih tinggi daripada pasien rawat inap. Gambaran berat jenis urin pada penelitian ini sebagian besar masih pada rentang normal. Kata kunci: tuberkulosis paru, urinalisis, pemeriksaan berat jenis urin

scholarly journals Viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum after pulmonary tuberculosis cure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqa Ambreen ◽  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Muhammad Aqeelur Rahman ◽  
Tehmina Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Performing Culture

Abstract Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum is a major source of transmission. In resource limited TB endemic settings, cure is declared by sputum smear examination for acid fast bacilli without performing culture. This may lead to erroneous treatment outcomes as viable bacteria may be missed by low sensitivity of direct smear method of acid fast staining. The aim of this study was to investigate if sterilizing cure is achieved among the new pulmonary TB cases declared cured by sputum smear conversion and the impact of addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase in achieving sterilizing cure. Methods New sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients registered at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan were followed under standard Directly Observed Treatment Short Course strategy for six months. Half of these patients received ethambutol in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin in continuation phase. Sputum specimens were examined on microscopy at 2 months and end of treatment. Sputa of patients with negative direct smear examination at the end of treatment were cultured on solid medium. Results Total of 533 newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients were registered from November 2013 to March 2014. Among these 504 converted sputum negative at 2 months and 348 converted at the end of six months of treatment and declared cured. Sputa of 204/348 patients were cultured, and 12/204 (6%) were culture positive. Culture positivity at 6 month was not associated with bacterial load, smoking, diabetes, presence of cavities, history of contact with TB, age, gender, socioeconomic status, or addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase of treatment. Conclusion Six month treatment does not provide sterilizing cure in all pulmonary TB leading to risk for relapse. Direct smear examination is not enough to declare cure in TB patients. Addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase did not result in better sterilizing cure. These findings emphasize the importance of performing culture and follow-up of patients to monitor relapse in routine TB care. More studies are needed to find the optimal duration of treatment for individual or carefully selected groups of patients.

scholarly journals Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms in the stools of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (7) ◽  
pp. 2384-2389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amel El Khéchine ◽  
Mireille Henry ◽  
Didier Raoult ◽  
Michel Drancourt
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli

The laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis mainly relies on the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) organisms in the sputum. In patients who do not give sputum, alternative respiratory tract specimens can be obtained only by invasive procedures. Based on the known survival of MTC organisms in the gastric fluid, we hypothesized that swallowed MTC organisms would be detectable in stool samples. We compared the presence of MTC organisms in respiratory tract specimens and stool specimens collected in parallel from the same patients. MTC was detected in cultures grown on egg-based medium after appropriate decontamination, by microscopic examination after Ziehl–Neelsen staining and by real-time PCR detection of IS6110 using internal controls. A case of pulmonary tuberculosis was defined by the presence of (i) clinical and radiological signs and symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis, and (ii) culture of MTC organisms from at least one respiratory tract specimen or (iii) the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum that were subsequently identified as MTC organisms by real-time PCR. The observation of 134 patients suspected to be suffering pulmonary tuberculosis led to the identification of 24 cases and 110 non-infected control patients. Cases and controls did not significantly differ with respect to sex but cases were significantly younger than controls. The sensitivity/specificity was 37.5 %/100 % for the microscopic examination of stools, 54.2 %/100 % for culturing and 100 %/97.3 % for real-time PCR. The positive predicted value was 100 %, 100 % and 88.9 %, respectively, and the negative predicted value was 88 %, 90.9 % and 100 %, respectively. In four patients, a stool specimen initially yielded the correct diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis before evaluation of the respiratory tract specimen confirmed the diagnosis. These data indicate that stools could be used in conjunction with sputum testing or as an alternative specimen upon which to base the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by molecular identification of acid-fast bacilli and culture. This non-invasive alternative procedure is of particular interest for patients who cannot expectorate.

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