scholarly journals A Unique Conjunction: Evidence for Gynogenesis Accompanying Haplodiploid Sex Determination in the Australian Ant Myrmecia impaternata Taylor

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Robert W. Taylor ◽  
Hirotami T. Imai ◽  
Eisuke Hasegawa ◽  
Colin D. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Diploid Female

Myrmecia impaternata is an allodiploid all-female species of hybrid origin. Its parental taxa are confirmed here to be M. banksi and M. pilosula. We suggest that its queens produce diploid female offspring by gynogenetic parthenogenesis, a process which requires interaction between unreduced maternal oocytes and allospecific sperm cells obtained by copulation with another related species. We propose that impaternata queens almost certainly mate for this purpose with males reared in impaternata nests from eggs laid by impaternata females. Because sex in ants is determined by haplodiploidy (males haploid, females diploid), we posit that these males would in fact not be technically conspecific with the females in whose reproductive systems they developed, since they would each carry the haploid genome of one or other of the hybridic parental species. They would therefore be individually identical karyologically to males of either M. banksi or M. pilosula and appropriately allospecific to M. impaternata. We postulate that, unlike all other known gynogens, M. impaternata would have no need to maintain parasitic affiliation or sympatry with free-living sperm-donor host species. Its queens are arguably able to produce the required allospecific males by accessing their own genomes. M. impaternata apparently originated by instantaneous speciation when individuals of its parental species first successfully hybridized.

scholarly journals Making it on their own: sperm-dependent hybrid fishes ( Cobitis ) switch the sexual hosts and expand beyond the ranges of their original sperm donors

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1505) ◽  
pp. 2911-2919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Choleva ◽  
Apostolos Apostolou ◽  
Petr Ráb ◽  
Karel Janko
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Parental Population ◽  
Bisexual Species ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Host Switch ◽  
Sperm Donors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographical Expansion

Interspecific hybridization may result in asexual hybrid lineages that reproduce via parthenogenesis. Contrary to true parthenogens, sperm-dependent asexuals (gynogens and hybridogens) are restricted to the range of bisexual species, generally the parental taxa, by their need for a sperm donor. It has been documented that asexual lineages may rarely use sperm from a non-parental species or even switch a host. The available literature reports do not allow distinguishing, between whether such host switches arise by the expansion of asexuals out of their parental's range (and into that of another's) or by the local extinction of a parental population followed by a host switch. The present study combines new and previously collected data on the distribution and history of gynogenetic spined loaches ( Cobitis ) of hybrid origin. We identified at least three clonal lineages that have independently switched their sperm dependency to different non-parental Cobitis species, and in cases incorporated their genomes. Our current knowledge of European Cobitis species and their hybrids suggests that this pattern most probably results from the expansion of gynogenetic lineages into new areas. Such expansion was independent of the original parental species. This suggests that sperm dependence is not as restrictive to geographical expansion when compared with true parthenogenesis as previously thought.

Revision of Coronostrongylus (Nematoda : Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Nematode Genus ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Occurrences

The monotypic nematode genus Coronostrongylus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 from the stomachs of macropodid marsupials was reviewed and was found to consist of a least seven closely related species. Coronostrongylus coronatus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 is found most commonly in Macropus rufogriseus, but occurs occasionally in M. dorsalis, M. parryi and Petrogale inornata. Coronostrongylus johnsoni, sp. nov. is most commonly found in M. dorsalis, but occurs also in M. rufogriseus, M. parma, Thylogale stigmatica, Petrogale godmani and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus barkeri, sp. nov. is most prevalent in Onychogalea unguifera, but occurs also in M. rufus, M. robustus and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus closei, sp. nov. is restricted to Petrogale persephone. Coronostrongylus sharmani, sp. nov. occurs only in rock wallabies from eastern Australia: P.�coenensis, P. godmani and P. mareeba; C. spratti, sp. nov. occurs in P. inornata and P. assimilis. Coronostrongylus spearei, sp. nov. is restricted to Papua New Guinea where it is found in Dorcopsulus vanhearni, Dorcopsis hageni and D. muelleri. Although all of the nematode species occur in one principal host species or a series of closely related host species, occurrences in geographically disjunct areas and in phylogenetically distant hosts are features of C. coronatus, C. barkeri, sp. nov. and C. johnsoni, sp. nov. The occurrence of seven closely related nematode species found in a wide range of macropodid host species is more readily accounted for by a hypothesis involving multiple colonisations of hosts than by the hypothesis of co-speciation.

Hybrid ape offspring of a mating of gibbon and siamang

Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (4403) ◽  
pp. 308-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Myers ◽  
DA Shafer
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Region ◽  
Structural Rearrangement ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Symphalangus Syndactylus ◽  
Hylobates Moloch ◽  
Lesser Apes

The serendipitous mating of a male gibbon, Hylobates moloch, and a female siamang, Symphalangus syndactylus, has produced two female offspring born 1 year apart. The hybrid karyotype of 47 chromosomes comprises the haploid complements of the parental species, 22 for the gibbon and 25 for the siamang. Chromosomal G and C banding comparisons revealed no clear homologies between the parental karyotypes except for the single chromosome in each species containing the nucleolus organizer region. The lack of homology suggests that the structural rearrangement of chromosomes has played a major role in the process of speciation for these lesser apes.

scholarly journals Hepatica transsilvanica Fuss (Ranunculaceae) is an Allotetraploid Relict of the Tertiary Flora in Europe – Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Levente Laczkó ◽  
Gábor Sramkó
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Gene Tree ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Quaternary Glaciation ◽  
Eastern Carpathians

The <em>Hepatica </em>section <em>Angulosa </em>consists of mainly tetraploid (2<em>n </em>= 28) species that are distributed disjunctly throughout Eurasia. Karyological evidence proves the hybrid origin of the polyploid species of this section. <em>Hepatica transsilvanica </em>is a member of this species group with a conspicuous distribution restricted to the Eastern Carpathians. Based on genome size and cytotypes, the paternal parent of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>is described to be the only diploid species in section <em>Angulosa</em>, <em>H. falconeri</em>. The maternal species is hypothesized to be <em>H. nobilis</em>, a European species with entirely lobed leaves and a wider distribution area. Although the hybrid origin of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>is well documented by karyological evidence, the time of hybridization has never been studied. By using sequences of both the nuclear and plastid genome, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>and its parental species. The identity of the parental species is corroborated by discordant gene tree topologies of the nrITS and plastid sequences. Moreover, both gene copies of the parental species could be identified with the low-copy nuclear gene, <em>MLH1</em>. Divergence dating analysis using Bayesian phylogenetic methods strongly supported the long-term survival of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>in the Southeastern Carpathians, as the most recent common ancestor of the hybrid and parent species existed not later than the beginning of the Pleistocene, ca. 3 million years ago. These results not only highlight the biogeographic importance of the Southeastern Carpathians in the Quaternary glaciation periods, but also emphasize that Tertiary lineages could have survived in a Central European cryptic refugium.

Hybridization between the threatened herb Boltonia decurrens (Asteraceae) and its widespread congener, B. asteroides

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201
Author(s):  
Jennifer DeWoody ◽  
John D. Nason ◽  
Marian Smith
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Backcross Progeny ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Sympatric Population ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Marker Data ◽  
Boltonia Decurrens

Boltonia decurrens (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Wood is a federally threatened herb endemic to the Illinois River floodplain, and currently restricted to fewer than 25 populations. We tested for hybridization between this species and a widespread congener, Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Hér., at two sites where they are known to occur in sympatry, by comparing morphological and genetic diversity with an allopatric population of each species. Morphological analyses identified significant differentiation between species. Discriminant classification analysis of the morphological data assigned most individuals to one or the other of the two parental species with high probability (>0.95), with only four plants having an intermediate probability of assignment (<0.90) indicative of hybrid origin. Similarly, likelihood-based methods based on genetic marker data (allozymes) failed to detect the presence of F1 hybrids in either sympatric population and revealed only low frequencies of F2 and backcross progeny. These findings demonstrate that combining morphological and genetic data increases the likelihood of detecting low-scale introgression between closely related species. Even with this combined approach, the low rate of recombination between these species together with their limited sympatry indicate that hybridization does not pose an immediate threat to the genetic integrity of B. decurrens.

scholarly journals What factors explain the geographical range of mammalian parasites?

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1903) ◽  
pp. 20190673 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Byers ◽  
J. P. Schmidt ◽  
Paula Pappalardo ◽  
Sarah E. Haas ◽  
Patrick R. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Habitat Breadth ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Host Characteristics

Free-living species vary substantially in the extent of their spatial distributions. However, distributions of parasitic species have not been comprehensively compared in this context. We investigated which factors most influence the geographical extent of mammal parasites. Using the Global Mammal Parasite Database we analysed 17 818 individual geospatial records on 1806 parasite species (encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, arthropods and helminths) that infect 396 carnivore, ungulate and primate host species. As a measure of the geographical extent of each parasite species we quantified the number and area of world ecoregions occupied by each. To evaluate the importance of variables influencing the summed area of ecoregions occupied by a parasite species, we used Bayesian network analysis of a subset ( n = 866) of the parasites in our database that had at least two host species and complete information on parasite traits. We found that parasites that covered more geographical area had a greater number of host species, higher average phylogenetic relatedness between host species and more sampling effort. Host and parasite taxonomic groups had weak and indirect effects on parasite ecoregion area; parasite transmission mode had virtually no effect. Mechanistically, a greater number of host species probably increases both the collective abundance and habitat breadth of hosts, providing more opportunities for a parasite to have an expansive range. Furthermore, even though mammals are one of the best-studied animal classes, the ecoregion area occupied by their parasites is strongly sensitive to sampling effort, implying mammal parasites are undersampled. Overall, our results support that parasite geographical extent is largely controlled by host characteristics, many of which are subsumed within host taxonomic identity.

scholarly journals Living a dog’s life: a putative gray wolf in a feral dog group

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Elitsa Popova ◽  
Diana Zlatanova
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Feral Dogs ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractThe gray wolf and the domestic dog are closely related species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In settings where unrestrained dogs are present in the wild, hybridization can happen naturally. However, the behavior of the resulting hybrids and their ecological impact is largely understudied. In September–November 2018, a putative gray wolf was repeatedly camera-trapped in a group of 10 presumably feral dogs in a remote mountainous area (the Osogovo Mountain) along the border between Bulgaria and North Macedonia. The most feasible explanation for this individual’s atypical behavior is that it is of hybrid origin (assumption based on phenotype). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented observation of such a kind. A discussion of its recruitment and position in the group is presented, setting the basis for further investigation of the complex interaction between wolves, dogs and hybrids in the wild.

Neotropical jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with plants of the tribe Detarieae (Leguminosae, Detarioideae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4733 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-73
Author(s):  
DANIEL BURCKHARDT ◽  
DALVA L. QUEIROZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
Host Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril ◽  
Colophospermum Mopane ◽  
Copaifera Langsdorffii

The Detarieae, a small tribe of tropical arborescent Leguminosae, has been reported as host of two species of jumping plant-lice: the Neotropical Macrocorsa beeryi (Caldwell) on Hymenaea courbaril and the Afrotropical Retroacizzia mopanei (Pettey) on Colophospermum mopane. Here we add from Brazil 18 new species of Colophorina, Jataiba gen. nov. and Mitrapsylla from Copaifera, as well as nine species of Jataiba gen. nov. and Platycorypha from Hymenaea. In addition to Jataiba, a new genus which is created for five new species on Copaifera and one on Hymenaea, we erect the new genus Apsyllopsis for Psyllopsis mexicana, which is synonymised with Psyllia beeryi Caldwell. Two new combinations are proposed: Apsyllopsis mexicana (Crawford), comb. nov. from Psyllopsis, and Epiacizzia favis (Brown & Hodkinson), comb. nov. from Euphalerus. The new taxa are described and illustrated, and keys are provided for the identification of adults and immatures, as far as known. Immatures of Apsyllopsis and Colophorina induce galls on the leaves whereas those of the other taxa are free-living. Colophorina spp. seem to be monophagous whereas members of the other genera tend to be oligophagous. All host species are associated with two or more psyllid species. Copaifera langsdorffii, which hosts 11 species of three genera, constitutes a super-host. 

The Species of the genus Aphelenchus

1928 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Goodey
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Living Species

In a paper published towards the end of last year the author (Goodey, 1927) described a new free-living species of Aphelenchus, A. winchesi, and dealt with the type species of the genus A. avenæ, discussing its affinities to certain nearly related species. A further paper was promised dealing with the various species of the genus and the present communication is an attempt to fulfil that promise.

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