scholarly journals Application of Chitosan Composite Flocculant in Tap Water Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Awa Kangama ◽  
Defang Zeng ◽  
Xu Tian ◽  
Jinfu Fang
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
High Price ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Cost Effective Method

The chitosan is a good flocculant for tap water treatment because of its properties such as faster deposition rate and higher removal efficiency for COD (organic matter), SS (suspended solids), and metal ions. However, its high price limits the use in tap water treatment. In this paper, in order to reduce costs, chitosan (CTS), polyaluminum chloride (CF-PAC), and modified rectorite (Al(OH)3 + HCl) were combined to prepare the flocculant for tap water treatment. In order to get the optimal composite flocculant formula, first, we combined these flocculants in two-by-two schema and then we combined all the three flocculants together with various dosing amounts. Through comparison between different combination schemas, the best formula of the composite chitosan flocculant was found to be CTS (ml) : CF-PAC (ml) : modified rectorite (Al(OH)3 + HCl) (ml) = 1 : 30 : 5, with a turbidity removal rate of 96.38% and a removal rate of aluminum up to 80.1%, while the treatment cost is the lowest. In addition, we have designed a cost-effective method for the treatment cost evaluation. As raw water, we used water from the Han River, which is used as raw water at Zonguan Waterworks. In order to show the effectiveness of our optimal composite chitosan formula, we have compared our treatment results to those of the aluminum polyaluminum chloride flocculant currently used in Zonguan’s water treatment plants.

Swing Operation Envelope of River-Sourced Water Treatment Facility for Water Injection Purpose in Banyu Urip Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amin Rois ◽  
Willy Dharmawan
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Water Basin

Abstract Banyu Urip reservoir management heavily rely on river-sourced water as water injection to meet Voidage Replacement Ratio target of 1. The treatment facility which consist of Raw Water Basin, Clarifiers, Multi Media Fine (MMF) Filters and Cartridge Filters, is sensitive to seasonal transition and river condition. This paper shares lesson learnt in operating such facility and troubleshooting guidance to overcome challenges of high turbidity during rainy season and lack of river water volume during drought season. To maintain the design intent of Banyu Urip (BU) water treatment facility in achieving water injection quality and quantity at reasonable cost, following activities were undertaken: [1] Critical water parameters data gathering & analysis across each unit; [2] Clarifier Chemical injection dosage verification based on laboratory test; [3] MMF Media coring inspection to assess the filtering media condition; [4] MMF Filters backwash parameters optimization; [5] MMF Filter on-off valve sequencing optimization to address water hammering issue; [6] Water injection rate management to deal with river water source availability along the year. Critical water parameters analysis revealed that chemical dosages were in-adequate to treat the five times higher turbidity coming into Clarifiers during early rain 2019. On top of this, low Raw Water Basin level at the end of long drought further contributed to jeopardize Clarifier's operation. Although in-adequate chemicals injection was resolved at early 2020, the treatment cost remained high, especially on filtration section. Media coring result on MMF Filters confirmed that the filtering media have been poisoned by carried-over mud from Clarifiers during upset. The operation of MMF Filters required extensive optimization on backwash parameters to successfully recover the MMF Filters performance without media replacement. Latest media coring on the worst MMF Filter showed that there was no more top mud layer and the amount of trapped mud had been decreased significantly. Cartridge Filter replacement interval was improved from 38 hours to 186 hours, therefore water treatment cost dropped with quite significant margin. Additionally, the availability of each MMF Filters was also improved. At the same time, the high water injection rate during 2020 rainy season, had successfully increased reservoir pressure buffer up to its maximum point as the anticipation of prolonged drought season. This paper provides the troubleshooting guidance for MMF Filter application in season-prone water treatment facility including insights on interpretation of media coring result and linking it back to optimization strategy on the MMF Filters drain down time for effective backwash process without having excessive media loss.

Distribution and Transformation of Molecular Weight of Organic Matters in a Canal Water Treatment Procedure

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2483-2487
Author(s):  
Xiao Dan Zhao ◽  
Chun Hua Wu ◽  
Zhen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Treatment Procedure ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Membrane Method

Distribution and transformation of molecular weight of organic matters in canal raw water, primary coagulated water, secondary coagulated water, enhanced coagulated water and water filtered by activated carbon were monitored by ultrafiltration membrane method. The results show that organics on the fraction of molecular weight less than 2kDa has the largest ratio in total organics of outlets of coagulation and activated carbon tank. Removal rate of total organics is about 73% by secondary coagulation, but which of micromolecule organics of molecular weight less than 2kDa is only 10%, which can be removed by activated carbon more than 80%.

Performance of PAC/PDM composite coagulants for removal of algae from Lake Taihu waters in summer

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Zhang ◽  
X. L. Zhao ◽  
X. X. Li ◽  
Ch. Liu ◽  
L. L. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Lake Taihu ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Algae Removal ◽  
Better Than

The enhanced coagulation of algae-rich raw water from Lake Taihu in summer was studied by use of composite coagulants. The composite coagulants were composed of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDM) with various intrinsic viscosity values (0.55–3.99 dL/g) and different mass percentages (5–20%) in the formulation. For raw water with temperature of 28–29°C and algae content of 3.60 × 104–3.70 × 104 cells/ml, the algae-removal rates of 89.0% and 89.3–93.1% could be realized by using PAC and PAC/PDM (0.55/5%–3.99/20%) with dosages of 8.37 mg/L and 5.93–3.58 mg/L, respectively, when 2 NTU residual turbidity of treated water after sedimentation was required. Compared with using PAC only, the removal rate of CODMn using PAC/PDM increased at least 4.4% when the dosage was 8 mg/L, and increased at least 5.0% when the dosage was 10 mg/L. The composite coagulants could still function well when raw water quality deteriorated and algae content reached 8.00 × 104 cells/ml. The enhanced coagulation efficiency of PAC/PDM (0.55/5%) could be better than that of PAC combined with prechlorination process when the same dosages are used.

Long-term studies on hybrid ceramic microfiltration for treatment of surface water containing high dissolved organic matter

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abeynayaka ◽  
C. Visvanathan ◽  
S. Khandarith ◽  
T. Hashimoto ◽  
H. Katayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Filtration Cycle

This long-term pilot-scale study on the performance of ceramic microfiltration (CMF) was conducted at the Bangkhen water treatment plant (BWTP), with the raw water from Chaophraya River, Thailand. Raw water turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were varied in the ranges of 20–210 NTU and 3.0–8.5 mg/L respectively. The hybrid pilot-scale CMF (Pilot-CMF) operational parameters were optimized with the aid of jar-tests and laboratory-scale CMF (Lab-CMF) operations. The systems were operated with various polyaluminum chloride dosages and filtration cycle times. Pilot-CMF provided excellent steady turbidity removal compared to the conventional water treatment process. DOC removal percentages of Pilot-CMF and the conventional process at the BWTP were 49% and 30% respectively. With different coagulant dosages, unique patterns in transmembrane pressure (TMP) variations were observed. The daily TMP increment under low turbidity conditions was 0.08 kPa/day. During rainy periods (turbidity over 100 NTU) the TMP increment reached 0.79 kPa/day. However, once the turbidity of raw water reaches normal conditions (30–60 NTU at the BWTP) the Pilot-CMF system recovers the TMP increment due to efficient backwashing.

scholarly journals Hybrid water treatment cost prediction model for raw water intake optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 230-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Bertone ◽  
Rodney A. Stewart ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Kelvin O'Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Cost Prediction ◽  
Water Treatment Cost

Pilot-Scale Study on Treatment of High-Algae and Low-Turbidity Source Water by Air Flotation in South China

2011 ◽  
Vol 255-260 ◽  
pp. 2686-2690
Author(s):  
Gui Qing Gao ◽  
Hai Yan Ju ◽  
Du Wang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
South China ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Air Flotation ◽  
Scale Experiment

The pilot-scale experiment of air flotation was carried out for reservoir water treatment of Shenzhen in order to provide reference for waterplant. The results show the turbidity of raw water is higher or lower than 15NTU, the optimum dosage of poly aluminum chloride (PAC) is 1.65mg/L and 1.25mg/L respectively. When the turbidity of raw water is between 3NTU and 32NTU, the amount of algae is less than 1.08×107unit/L, the removal rate of air flotation for turbidity and algae is 89.3% and 92.7% respectively; besides, the average removal rate of air flotation on CODMn is 32.6%, 21.2% of TOC is removed at least. Air flotation has preferable treatment effect on high–algae and low-turbidity water, adapts to treat micro-polluted water in South China.

scholarly journals Application of hybrid coagulation–ultrafiltration for decentralized drinking water treatment: impact on flux, water quality and costs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2163-2171
Author(s):  
S. G. Arhin ◽  
N. Banadda ◽  
A. J. Komakech ◽  
W. Pronk ◽  
S. J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Matched Pair Analysis ◽  
Viable Approach

Abstract Decentralized membrane-based water treatment represents an attractive and viable approach to safe water supply in low-income areas, but its widespread adoption requires cost-effective antifouling strategies. Although the antifouling mechanisms of Al-based coagulants have been widely investigated, there is little data about their impact on costs and treatment efficiency for decentralized membrane-based systems. In this study, a comparative assessment of two decentralized ultrafiltration (UF) units with and without polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation was undertaken to evaluate the influence of coagulation on the fouling, water quality, and costs nexus. The results showed that PACl suppressed both total fouling and hydraulically irreversible fouling. A matched-pair analysis also revealed that PACl improved the permeate quality by enhancing the removal of particulates and dissolved organics. Compared with the conventional UF system, the hybrid coagulation–UF system contributed to a 21% increase in the flux rate, allowing for a 27% reduction in membrane area and thus, providing cost benefits in terms of both capital and operating costs. These results suggest that PACl coagulation is potentially a cost-effective antifouling method for decentralized membrane-based water systems.

PMAA-g-CS/Loess Composite for Removing Lead Ions

2016 ◽  
Vol 680 ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Feng He ◽  
Yin Wang ◽  
Wen Zheng Qian ◽  
Gui Fang Yan ◽  
Rong Min Wang
Keyword(s):  
Methacrylic Acid ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lead Ions ◽  
Isotherm Model ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Polymer Adsorbent

Lead is a toxic heavy metal that has caused serious public health problems. It is necessary to find a cost effective method to deal with wastewater containing lead. In this paper, a novel composite polymer adsorbent, poly (methacrylic acid)-grafted chitosan /Loess composite (PMAA-g-CS/LC) was prepared through graft copolymerization reaction of methacrylic acid and chitosan in the presence of loess. The polymer adsorbent (PMAA-g-CS/LC) was characterized and applied to remove lead ions. It was found that the removal rate of Pb (II) reached to 99%. Adsorption dynamics were consistent with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and isotherm model can meet the Langmuir isotherm model.

scholarly journals On the Use of Iron Chloride and Starch for Clarification in Drinking Water Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gomes CEP ◽  
Oliveira HA ◽  
Azevedo AC ◽  
Rubio J
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Gelatinized Starch ◽  
Slow Mixing ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Solid Liquid Separation

In drinking water treatment plants, chemical reagents are employed to aggregate and remove suspended particles. However, not all reagents are eco-friendly and exists concerns over environmental, economic, and health issues. This study shows features of the sustainability of commercial coagulants/flocculants and presents experimental research on floc characterization and settling of dispersed solids with a combination of Ferric Chloride (FeCl3 ) and gelatinized starch. Bench studies were conducted using kaolin suspensions and results were validated with raw water collected from a river (Rio dos Sinos, Brazil). Flocculation indexes, floc structure, and residual turbidities were compared with Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), as a reference. All techniques showed that the combination of FeCl3 and starch formed well-structured, larger, and more settleable flocs than those produced with PAC. Superficial loadings, in a continuous separation tank (2 to 4 m.h-1) were studied with and without lamellae. Best results were obtained with 15 mg.L-1 Fe3+ and 10 mg.L-1 starch, with a velocity gradient, G, of 60 s-1 in the slow mixing and with 60° inclined lamellae spaced 1.3 cm apart. Best conditions were applied to the clarification of the raw water and again, due to the rapid settling of flocs with FeCl3 and starch, better results were obtained compared to PAC. A turbidity reduction of 94% and a residual value of 2.5 NTU with superficial loadings of 3 m.h-1 were obtained. Results were discussed in terms of interfacial and operating parameters and a promising potential for the combination of FeCl3 with starch for solid/liquid separation was envisaged.

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