scholarly journals Permethrin Susceptibility for the Vector Culex tarsalis and a Nuisance Mosquito Aedes vexans in an Area Endemic for West Nile Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey P. Vincent ◽  
Justin K. Davis ◽  
Michael C. Wimberly ◽  
Christopher D. Carlson ◽  
Michael B. Hildreth
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Diagnostic Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Time ◽  
Significant Difference

In 2016, we compared susceptibility to the insecticide, permethrin, between the West Nile virus vector, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, and a major nuisance mosquito, Aedes vexans (Meigen), using baseline diagnostic dose and time values determined using the CDC bottle bioassay protocol. Mosquitoes were collected in the wild in Brookings County, South Dakota, situated in the Northern Great Plains of the USA. The determined diagnostic dose and time were then used in 2017 to validate these measurements for the same 2 mosquito species, collected at a second location within Brookings County. The diagnostic dose was determined for multiple time periods and ranged from 27.0 µg/ml at 60 min to 38.4 µg/ml at 30 min. There was no significant difference detected in mortality rates between Cx. tarsalis and Ae. vexans for any diagnostic time and dose. For practical purposes, mosquitoes in 2017 were tested at 38 µg/ml for 30 min; expected mortality rates were 93.38% for Cx. tarsalis and 94.93% for Ae. vexans. Actual 2017 mortality rates were 92.68% for Cx. tarsalis and 96.12% for Ae. vexans, validating the usefulness of this baseline at an additional location and year.

Polymorphic microsatellite loci from the West Nile virus vector Culex tarsalis

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON L. RASGON ◽  
MEERA VENKATESAN ◽  
CATHERINE J. WESTBROOK ◽  
MARY CLAIRE HAUER
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Virus Vector ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite

scholarly journals Population dynamics of mosquito species in a West Nile virus endemic area in Madagascar

Parasite ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Michaël Tantely ◽  
Catherine Cêtre-Sossah ◽  
Tsiriniaina Rakotondranaivo ◽  
Eric Cardinale ◽  
Sébastien Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0010075
Author(s):  
Giulia Mencattelli ◽  
Marie Henriette Dior Ndione ◽  
Roberto Rosà ◽  
Giovanni Marini ◽  
Cheikh Tidiane Diagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Reference List ◽  
African Continent ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern

Background West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which has been posing continuous challenges to public health worldwide due to the identification of new lineages and clades and its ability to invade and establish in an increasing number of countries. Its current distribution, genetic variability, ecology, and epidemiological pattern in the African continent are only partially known despite the general consensus on the urgency to obtain such information for quantifying the actual disease burden in Africa other than to predict future threats at global scale. Methodology and principal findings References were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases on January 21, 2020, using selected keywords, without language and date restriction. Additional manual searches of reference list were carried out. Further references have been later added accordingly to experts’ opinion. We included 153 scientific papers published between 1940 and 2021. This review highlights: (i) the co-circulation of WNV-lineages 1, 2, and 8 in the African continent; (ii) the presence of diverse WNV competent vectors in Africa, mainly belonging to the Culex genus; (iii) the lack of vector competence studies for several other mosquito species found naturally infected with WNV in Africa; (iv) the need of more competence studies to be addressed on ticks; (iv) evidence of circulation of WNV among humans, animals and vectors in at least 28 Countries; (v) the lack of knowledge on the epidemiological situation of WNV for 19 Countries and (vii) the importance of carrying out specific serological surveys in order to avoid possible bias on WNV circulation in Africa. Conclusions This study provides the state of art on WNV investigation carried out in Africa, highlighting several knowledge gaps regarding i) the current WNV distribution and genetic diversity, ii) its ecology and transmission chains including the role of different arthropods and vertebrate species as competent reservoirs, and iii) the real disease burden for humans and animals. This review highlights the needs for further research and coordinated surveillance efforts on WNV in Africa.

scholarly journals Pre-existing Microfilarial Infections of American Robins (Passeriformes: Turdidae) and Common Grackles (Passeriformes: Icteridae) Have Limited Impact on Enhancing Dissemination of West Nile Virus in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson A Vaughan ◽  
Juanita Hinson ◽  
Elizabeth S Andrews ◽  
Michael J Turell
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Specific Virus

Abstract Microfilariae (MF) are the immature stages of filarial nematode parasites and inhabit the blood and dermis of all classes of vertebrates, except fish. Concurrent ingestion of MF and arboviruses by mosquitoes can enhance mosquito transmission of virus compared to when virus is ingested alone. Shortly after being ingested, MF penetrate the mosquito’s midgut and may introduce virus into the mosquito’s hemocoel, creating a disseminated viral infection much sooner than normal. This phenomenon is known as microfilarial enhancement. Both American Robins and Common Grackles harbor MF—that is, Eufilaria sp. and Chandlerella quiscali von Linstow (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), respectively. We compared infection and dissemination rates in Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes that fed on birds with and without MF infections that had been infected with West Nile virus (WNV). At moderate viremias, about 107 plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml of blood, there were no differences in infection or dissemination rates among mosquitoes that ingested viremic blood from a bird with or without microfilaremia. At high viremias, >108.5 pfu/ml, mosquitoes feeding on a microfilaremic Grackle with concurrent viremia had significantly higher infection and dissemination rates than mosquitoes fed on viremic Grackles without microfilaremia. Microfilarial enhancement depends on the specific virus, MF, and mosquito species examined. How virus is introduced into the hemocoel by MF differs between the avian/WNV systems described here (i.e., leakage) and various arboviruses with MF of the human filarid, Brugia malayi (Brug) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) (i.e., cotransport). Additional studies are needed to determine if other avian species and their MF are involved in the microfilarial enhancement of WNV in nature.

Vector Competence of Australian Mosquito Species for a North American Strain of West Nile Virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie C. Jansen ◽  
Cameron E. Webb ◽  
Judith A. Northill ◽  
Scott A. Ritchie ◽  
Richard C. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North American ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
North American Strain ◽  
American Strain
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