scholarly journals Metabolic Engineered Biocatalyst: A Solution for PLA Based Problems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundus Riaz ◽  
Nosheen Fatima ◽  
Ahmed Rasheed ◽  
Mehvish Riaz ◽  
Faiza Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Packaging Material ◽  
Medical Implants ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Direct Condensation

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester. In 2010, PLA became the second highest consumed bioplastic in the world due to its wide application. Conventionally, PLA is produced by direct condensation of lactic acid monomer and ring opening polymerization of lactide, resulting in lower molecular weight and lesser strength of polymer. Furthermore, conventional methods of PLA production require a catalyst which makes it inappropriate for biomedical applications. Newer method utilizes metabolic engineering of microorganism for direct production of PLA through fermentation which produces good quality and high molecular weight and yield as compared to conventional methods. PLA is used as decomposing packaging material, sheet casting, medical implants in the form of screw, plate, and rod pin, etc. The main focus of the review is to highlight the synthesis of PLA by various polymerization methods that mainly include metabolic engineering fermentation as well as salient biomedical applications of PLA.

Biodegradable Polymers Derived from Amino Acids for Biological Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Cohen-Arazi ◽  
Ilanit Hagag ◽  
Michal Kolitz ◽  
Abraham J. Domb ◽  
Jeoshua Katzhendler
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Microwave Assisted Synthesis ◽  
Hydroxy Acids ◽  
Natural Amino Acids ◽  
Direct Condensation ◽  
Positively Charged

Optically active α-hydroxy acids derived from amino acids have been synthesized and polymerized into new biodegradable polyesters. The variety of functional side chains enables the design of positively charged, negatively charged, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chiral building blocks or any combination of these constituents. Hydroxy acids of 15 natural amino acids were prepared with retention of configuration using a straightforward and reliable method of diazotization of α-amino acids. Polyesters were synthesized from these hydroxy acids by a number of methods: direct condensation in bulk, microwave assisted synthesis and ring opening polymerization. The molecular weight of the prepared polymers ranges between 2000 to 5000Da for the direct condensation and the microwave methods, whereas the ring opening polymerization results in high molecular weight polymers (20000 to 30000Da). The polymers were analyzed for their optical activity (Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy), thermal properties (DSC), solubility, molecular weight and polydispersity (GPC), and aqueous degradation. These polymers were tested for their compatibility to neuronal cells growth and differentiation.

Catalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Renewable Macrolactones to High Molecular Weight Polyethylene-like Polymers

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 4301-4305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge van der Meulen ◽  
Erik Gubbels ◽  
Saskia Huijser ◽  
Rafaël Sablong ◽  
Cor E. Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization

The synthesis and polymerization behaviour of silicon-bridged [1]- and [2]ferrocenophanes with sterically demanding trimethylsilyl substituents attached to the cyclopentadienyl rings

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2069-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Peckham ◽  
Daniel A. Foucher ◽  
Alan J. Lough ◽  
Ian Manners
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Organometallic Polymers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cyclopentadienyl Ligands ◽  
Sterically Demanding ◽  
High Molecular Weight Poly

The silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophane Fe(η-C5H3SiMe3)2(SiMe2) (5) was synthesized via the reaction of Li2[Fe(η-C5H3SiMe3)2]•tmeda (tmeda = tetramethylethylenediamine) with Me2SiCl2 in hexanes. The disilane-bridged [2]ferrocenophane Fe(η-C5H3SiMe3)2(Si2Me4) (7) was prepared using a similar route from the disilane ClMe2SiSiMe2Cl. Despite the presence of sterically demanding SiMe3 substituents on the cyclopentadienyl rings, compound 5 was found to undergo thermal ring-opening polymerization at 170 °C to produce very soluble, high molecular weight poly(ferrocenylsilane) 6 with Mw = 1.4 × 105, Mn = 8.4 × 104. However, the [2]ferrocenophane 7 was found to be resistant to thermal ring-opening polymerization even at 350 °C and decomposed above 380 °C. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 7 revealed that the steric interactions between the bulky SiMe3 groups are relieved by a significant twisting of the disilane bridge with respect to the plane defined by the centroids of the cyclopentadienyl ligands and the metal atom. The angle between the planes of the cyclopentadienyl rings in 7 was found to be 5.4(6)°, slightly greater than that in the non-silylated analogue Fe(η-C5H4)2(Si2Me4) (4a) (4.19(2)°), and dramatically less than the corresponding tilt angle of the strained, polymerizable, silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophane Fe(η-C5H4)2(SiMe2) (1) (20.8(5)°). The length of the Si—Si bond in 7 (2.342(3) Å) was found to be close to the sum of the covalent radii (2.34 Å). Crystals of 7 are monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 23.689(3) Å, b = 11.174(1) Å, c = 31.027(3) Å, β = 109.16(1)°, V = 7758(2) Å3, and Z = 12. Keywords: ring-opening polymerization, ferrocenophane, organometallic polymers.

Article

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Manners
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Transition Metal Catalysts ◽  
Organometallic Polymer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Initial Discovery

Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of strained ring-tilted metallocenophanes can be achieved thermally, via anionic or cationic initiation, or by the use of transition-metal catalysts and provides access to a wide range of high molecular weight (Mw = 105-106, Mn > 105) poly(metallocenes). These materials possess a variety of interesting properties and many are very easy to prepare. This article provides an overview of our work, giving background to and an account of the initial discovery, and discusses work on the synthesis and properties of new poly(metallocenes) and related materials with particular emphasis on recent research directions.Key words: metallocene, ring-opening polymerization, ferrocenophane, organometallic polymer.

Diol glycidyl ether-bridged low molecular weight PEI as potential gene delivery vehicles

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (13) ◽  
pp. 2660-2670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Guo ◽  
Yan-Hong Liu ◽  
Miao-Miao Xun ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Zheng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
Glycidyl Ether ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Gene Delivery Vehicles

PEI 600-based polymers were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization and exhibited much better transfection efficiency and biocompatibility than PEI 25 kDa.

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