scholarly journals Comment on “Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Evaluation of Potential Health Risks of Long-Term Exposure in Nigeria”

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
James Grellier
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Potential Health

scholarly journals Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Evaluation of Potential Health Risks of Long-Term Exposure in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsikak U. Benson ◽  
Oyeronke A. Akintokun ◽  
Adebusayo E. Adedapo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

Levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water from water treatment plants (WTPs) in Nigeria were studied using a gas chromatograph (GC Agilent 7890A with autosampler Agilent 7683B) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The mean concentrations of the trihalomethanes ranged from zero in raw water samples to 950 μg/L in treated water samples. Average concentration values of THMs in primary and secondary disinfection samples exceeded the standard maximum contaminant levels. Results for the average THMs concentrations followed the order TCM > BDCM > DBCM > TBM. EPA-developed models were adopted for the estimation of chronic daily intakes (CDI) and excess cancer incidence through ingestion pathway. Higher average intake was observed in adults (4.52×10-2 mg/kg-day), while the ingestion in children (3.99×10-2 mg/kg-day) showed comparable values. The total lifetime cancer incidence rate was relatively higher in adults than children with median values 244 and 199 times the negligible risk level.

Concentrations and potential health risks of strontium in drinking water from Xi'an, Northwest China

2018 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Xue Zhou ◽  
Luobin Wang ◽  
Wendong Wang ◽  
Jinlan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Potential Health

Long-term concentrations of airborne cadmium in metropolitan cities in Korea and potential health risks

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 164-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atilla Mutlu ◽  
Byeong-Kyu Lee ◽  
Gee-Hyeong Park ◽  
Bong-Gwan Yu ◽  
Chi-Hyeon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Metropolitan Cities

scholarly journals Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Rodrigo ◽  
Guy Jaccard ◽  
Donatien Tafin Djoko ◽  
Alexandra Korneliou ◽  
Marco Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Margin Of Exposure

Abstract Health risk associated with the use of combustible cigarettes is well characterized and numerous epidemiological studies have been published for many years. Since more than a decade, innovative non-combusted tobacco products have emerged like heated tobacco products (HTP) or electronic cigarettes (EC). Long-term effects of these new products on health remain, however, unknown and there is a need to characterize associated potential health risks. The time dedicated to epidemiological data generation (at least 20 to 40 years for cancer endpoint), though, is not compatible with innovative development. Surrogates need, therefore, to be developed. In this work, non-cancer and cancer risks were estimated in a range of HTP and commercial combustible cigarettes based upon their harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in aerosols and smoke, respectively. It appears that mean lifetime cancer risk values were decreased by more than one order of magnitude when comparing HTPs and commercial cigarettes, and significantly higher margin of exposure for non-cancer risk was observed for HTPs when compared to commercial cigarettes. The same approach was applied to two commercial ECs. Similar results were also found for this category of products. Despite uncertainties related to the factors used for the calculations and methodological limitations, this approach is valuable to estimate health risks associated to the use of innovative products. Moreover, it acts as predictive tool in absence of long-term epidemiological data. Furthermore, both cancer and non-cancer risks estimated for HTPs and ECs highlight the potential of reduced risk for non-combusted products when compared to cigarette smoking.

Spatial distribution and potential health risks of heavy metal(loid)s present in drinking water resources of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 223-241
Author(s):  
Kamaladdin Karimyan ◽  
Mahmood Alimohammadi ◽  
Afshin Maleki ◽  
Masud Yunesian ◽  
Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Drinking Water Resources

Review / SynthèseA review of drinking-water-associated endotoxin, including potential routes of human exposure

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B Anderson ◽  
Robin M Slawson ◽  
Colin I Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

In the past decade efforts have been made to reduce the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts during the treatment and distribution of drinking water. This has been accomplished in part by the introduction of processes that involve the deliberate encouragement of indigenous biofilm growth in filters. In a controlled environment, such as a filter, these biofilms remove compounds that would otherwise be available as disinfection byproduct precursors or support uncontrolled biological activity in distribution systems. In the absence of exposure to chlorinated water, most biofilm bacteria are gram negative and have an outer layer that contains endotoxin. To date, outbreaks of waterborne endotoxin-related illness attributable to contamination of water used in hemodialysis procedures have been only infrequently documented, and occurrences linked to ingestion or through dermal abrasions could not be located. However, a less obvious conduit, that of inhalation, has been described in association with aerosolized water droplets. This review summarizes documented drinking-water-associated incidents of endotoxin exposure attributable to hemodialysis and inhalation. Typical endotoxin levels in water and conditions under which substantial quantities can enter drinking water distribution systems are identified. It would appear that endotoxin originating in tap water can be inhaled but at present there is insufficient information available to quantify potential health risks.Key words: endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, LPS, drinking water.

scholarly journals Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of RNAi-Mediated Virus Resistance in ‘HoneySweet’ Plum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushwant Singh ◽  
Ann M. Callahan ◽  
Brenda J. Smith ◽  
Tadeusz Malinowski ◽  
Ralph Scorza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Virus Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Term Efficacy ◽  
Interfering Rna

Interfering RNA technology has been established as an effective strategy to protect plants against viral infection. Despite this success, interfering RNA (RNAi) has rarely been applied due to the regulatory barriers that confront genetically engineered plants and concerns over possible environmental and health risks posed by non-endogenous small RNAs. ‘HoneySweet’ was developed as a virus-resistant plum variety that is protected by an RNAi-mediated process against Sharka disease caused by the plum pox virus. ‘HoneySweet’ has been approved for cultivation in the United States but not in countries where the plum pox virus is endemic. In this study, we evaluated the long-term efficacy of virus resistance in ‘HoneySweet,’ the nature and stability of its sRNA profile, and the potential health risks of consuming ‘HoneySweet’ plums. Graft-challenged ‘HoneySweet’ trees carrying large non-transgenic infected limbs remained virus-free after more than 10 years in the field, and the viral sequences from the non-transgenic infected limbs showed no evidence of adaptation to the RNAi-based resistance. Small RNA profiling revealed that transgene-derived sRNA levels were stable across different environments and, on average, were more than 10 times lower than those present in symptom-less fruits from virus-infected trees. Comprehensive 90-day mouse feeding studies showed no adverse health impacts in mice, and there was no evidence for potential siRNA off-target pathologies predicted by comparisons of the most abundant transgene-derived sRNAs to the mouse genome. Collectively, the data confirmed that RNAi provides a highly effective, stable, and safe strategy to combat virus diseases in crop plants.

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