scholarly journals Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Evaluation of Potential Health Risks of Long-Term Exposure in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsikak U. Benson ◽  
Oyeronke A. Akintokun ◽  
Adebusayo E. Adedapo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

Levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water from water treatment plants (WTPs) in Nigeria were studied using a gas chromatograph (GC Agilent 7890A with autosampler Agilent 7683B) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The mean concentrations of the trihalomethanes ranged from zero in raw water samples to 950 μg/L in treated water samples. Average concentration values of THMs in primary and secondary disinfection samples exceeded the standard maximum contaminant levels. Results for the average THMs concentrations followed the order TCM > BDCM > DBCM > TBM. EPA-developed models were adopted for the estimation of chronic daily intakes (CDI) and excess cancer incidence through ingestion pathway. Higher average intake was observed in adults (4.52×10-2 mg/kg-day), while the ingestion in children (3.99×10-2 mg/kg-day) showed comparable values. The total lifetime cancer incidence rate was relatively higher in adults than children with median values 244 and 199 times the negligible risk level.

scholarly journals Potential health risk assessment due to the presence of toxic metals in drinking water from individual wells in the village of Dubravica in the Branicevo district

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Milos Rajkovic ◽  
Mirjana Stojanovic ◽  
Sladjana Milojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The Village

In order to verify the content of macro- and microelements in drinking water in the village of Dubravica in the Branicevo district, which has no centralized water supply system, an analysis of the water sampled from two individual wells was conducted using the indirect method recommended by Rajkovic and associates. Tests on the RDA and AAS showed that: Al, Fe, Cr, Pb and U were in concentrations higher than the values allowed by Regulations on the hygienic quality of drinking water. To determine the risk of the presence of toxic metals in the elevated concentrations, the assessment of short-term and long-term potential carcinogenic risks was conducted. Based on the results obtained in the tested water samples, it is noticed that the value of the coefficient of risk (CR) was less than 1 for all potentially toxic metals that were determined in drinking water, which implies that there is no short-term carcinogenic potential risk to human health. Based on the results of the long-term potential risk for the occurrence and development of cancer, the risk of getting cancer of Cr was identified in the inhabitants of the village that used potable water of the first sample. In case of Pb, a risk of developing cancer, concerning the first sample of drinking water, may occur in 44 out of 1000 people and regarding the second sample, in 183 out of 1000 people. Based on the calculated estimates of the long-term health risk related to the presence of U in drinking water, it can be seen that there is a health risk related to the use of both water samples. On the basis of the calculated estimates of the long-term health risk related to the presence of uranium in drinking water, it can be noticed that the use of both water samples may lead to the potential risk of developing cancer: in 24.5 inhabitants regarding the first water sample and in 10.3 out of 1000 inhabitants in the case of the second water sample.

scholarly journals Borehole water: a potential health risk to rural communities in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Taonameso ◽  
L. S. Mudau ◽  
A. N. Traoré ◽  
N. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Point Mapping ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mapping Tool

Abstract Sporadic outbreaks of diarrhoea in children in the Vhembe rural areas could be an indication of contamination in drinking water sources. In areas where improved water sources are used, not all rural households experience the benefits of these improved water sources. Water samples were collected from boreholes in three wards in the Vhembe District to determine microbiological risks over a 5-month period. A Water Point Mapping tool was used to indicate the borehole distribution. Water samples were taken from each functional borehole and analysed for total coliform and Escherichia coli counts, electrical conductivity, pH and temperature. A multiplex PCR protocol was used for identification of pathogenic E. coli. A total of 125 boreholes were identified of which only 12 were functional. Seven boreholes tested positive for total coliforms and E. coli counts. Four boreholes (33.3%) tested positive for diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of water samples were without health risks, 17% were low risk and 25% could cause infection according to the South African water quality standards. This study indicated the importance of the role of the Municipalities and the maintenance plans that need to ensure that all boreholes are functional and provide safe drinking water to the rural communities.

Residue detections in soil and shallow groundwater after long-term herbicide applications in southern Alberta

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
B. D. Hill ◽  
C. Chang ◽  
C. W. Lindwall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Level Set ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Southern Alberta

After herbicide applications for 1–24 yr, there were no detectable residues of glyphosate, dicamba, 2,4-D, bromoxynil or methylchlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in soil at two long-term tillage sites and one long-term manured site. The only detectable residues in soil were of diclofop and triallate. Residues of bromoxynil, diclofop and MCPA but not dicamba, 2,4-D or triallate, were detected in the groundwater at the manured site. Diclofop was detected in 6% and bromoxynil and MCPA in 2% of 84 water samples collected at the manured site. Maximum concentrations of bromoxynil (6.5 μg L−1) and diclofop (47 μg L−1) in the groundwater at the manured site exceeded levels set by the Canadian drinking water guidelines. Long-term application of herbicides has not caused accumulation of harmful residues in southern Alberta soils, but the presence of certain herbicides in the groundwater at concentrations above the level set by the drinking water guidelines is cause for concern. Key words: Herbicide residues, tillage, manure, soil, groundwater

Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Shallow Freshwater Lake, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 871-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Guo ◽  
Yao Feng
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in surface water of Lake Baiyangdian were determined to assess the potential health risk when using as drinking water for children and adults. The concentration of HCHs and DDTs in surface water were in the range of 2.74-11.50 ng L-1 and 3.48-16.88 ng L-1, respectively. Compared with similar results reported around the world, the level of OCPs in this study was in the mid-range. The analysis of health risk indicated that risks from OCPs in most part of the lake would not be risky to human health according to the acceptable risk level, while carcinogenic effects caused by α-HCH might occur if drinking water from Nanliuzhuang (NLZ) and Laowangdian (SCD). α-HCH and β-HCH were the dominating factors for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, respectively. Risks of OCPs for children were much higher than those caused by OCPs for adults.

scholarly journals Point-of-Use Water Treatment Methods and the Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in a Peri-Urban Community of Bonendale, Douala IV, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngouakam H ◽  
◽  
Fru Cho J ◽  
Tientche B ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Dug Wells

Background: The study aimed at assessing the knowledge of Bonendale populations related to safe drinking water; determine the microbiological quality and the household treatment practices of drinking water at the point of use (PoU). Methods: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, conducted between November 2017 and November 2018 in Bonendale, Douala IV. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 237 households. Results: The main source of drinking water in the study population was dug wells (64.9%). The major activity around the boreholes was agriculture 50% (6/12) while agriculture and livestock rearing were practiced around 34.3% (12/35) and 42.8% (15/35) of dug wells respectively. Nearly half 110 (46.4%) of respondents had a good knowledge of physical properties of drinking water. Fifty-nine water samples out of a total of 60 tested (98.3%) were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Analysis of water samples indicated that 47.6% (10/21) of dug wells, 37.0% (10/27) of Camwater, and 41.2% (5/12) of boreholes had a total coliform count varying between 101-1000 CFU/100mL. And only a single Camwater water sample 1 (137%) had a coliform count of 0 CFU/100mL. Conclusion: These findings indicated the poor microbiological quality of point water used by Bonendale populations representing an important potential health risk of water-borne diseases. The results also reveal that a very high proportion of households treat their PoU before drinking.

scholarly journals Distribution and potential health risk of nitrate in centralized groundwater sources of Wanbei Plain, Central China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhu Hu ◽  
Mu You ◽  
Guijian Liu ◽  
Zhongbing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Central China ◽  
Karst Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk ◽  
Skin Contact

Abstract Centralized groundwater sources are the main source for drinking, domestic, industry, and agriculture in Central China. Thirty-five centralized groundwater sources were selected to determine the concentration and distribution characterization of nitrate in Wanbei Plain, Anhui Province. Meanwhile, the health risk assessment model recommended by USEPA was used to evaluate the potential health risk for adults and children. The results showed that the average concentration of nitrate in the pore water is lower than that of karst water, which may be attributed to the thinner thickness of loose sediments for karst water. The nitrate in groundwater mainly originates from chemical fertilizers, industrial and domestic waste. The health risk of nitrate to children through drinking water intake and skin contact was significantly higher than that of adults, which was explained by their being more sensitive receptors and facing higher health risks than adults. The non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate in all samples was within the acceptable range. The results also indicated drinking water control is the main way to reduce nitrate health risk. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to take measures to strengthen groundwater management, improve groundwater quality, and reduce nitrate health risk.

Review / SynthèseA review of drinking-water-associated endotoxin, including potential routes of human exposure

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B Anderson ◽  
Robin M Slawson ◽  
Colin I Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

In the past decade efforts have been made to reduce the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts during the treatment and distribution of drinking water. This has been accomplished in part by the introduction of processes that involve the deliberate encouragement of indigenous biofilm growth in filters. In a controlled environment, such as a filter, these biofilms remove compounds that would otherwise be available as disinfection byproduct precursors or support uncontrolled biological activity in distribution systems. In the absence of exposure to chlorinated water, most biofilm bacteria are gram negative and have an outer layer that contains endotoxin. To date, outbreaks of waterborne endotoxin-related illness attributable to contamination of water used in hemodialysis procedures have been only infrequently documented, and occurrences linked to ingestion or through dermal abrasions could not be located. However, a less obvious conduit, that of inhalation, has been described in association with aerosolized water droplets. This review summarizes documented drinking-water-associated incidents of endotoxin exposure attributable to hemodialysis and inhalation. Typical endotoxin levels in water and conditions under which substantial quantities can enter drinking water distribution systems are identified. It would appear that endotoxin originating in tap water can be inhaled but at present there is insufficient information available to quantify potential health risks.Key words: endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, LPS, drinking water.

Assessment on the Health Risk of Low-Molecular-Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Water of Lake Baiyangdian

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 840-843
Author(s):  
Wei Guo ◽  
Yao Feng
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Lake Baiyangdian

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs in surface water of Lake Baiyangdian were determined to assess the potential health risk when using as drinking water for children and adults. The concentration of LMW PAHs in surface water were in the range of 77.26-760.16 ng L-1. Compared with similar results reported around the world, the level of LMW PAHs in this study was in the mid-range. The analysis of health risk indicated that risks from LMW PAHs in most part of the lake would not be risky to human health according to the acceptable risk level, while carcinogenic effects caused by LMW PAHs might occur if drinking water from Nanliuzhuang (NLZ), Shaochedian (SCD) and Laowangdian (LWD). Risks of LMW PAHs for children were apparently much higher than those caused by LMWs PAHs for adults.

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