scholarly journals Current Status of Aedes aegypti Insecticide Resistance Development from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Hamid ◽  
V. I. Ninditya ◽  
J. Prastowo ◽  
A. Haryanto ◽  
A. Taubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Point Mutation ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
High Level

Aedes aegypti represents the principal vector of many arthropod-borne diseases in tropical areas worldwide. Since mosquito control strategies are mainly based on use of insecticides, resistance development can be expected to occur in frequently exposed Ae. aegypti populations. Surveillance on resistance development as well as testing of insecticide susceptibility is therefore mandatory and needs further attention by national/international public health authorities. In accordance, we here conducted a study on Ae. aegypti resistance development towards several often used insecticides, i.e., malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, bendiocarb, and cyfluthrin, in the periurban area of Banjarmasin city, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Our results clearly showed resistance development of Ae. aegypti populations against tested insecticides. Mortalities of Ae. aegypti were less than 90% with the highest resistance observed against 0.75% permethrin. Collected mosquitoes from Banjarmasin also presented high level of resistance development to 0.1% bendiocarb. Molecular analysis of voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene showed significant association of V1016G gene point mutation in resistance Ae. aegypti phenotypes against 0.75% permethrin. However, F1534C gene point mutation did not correlate to Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance to 0.75% permethrin. Irrespective of periurban areas in Kalimantan considered as less densed island of Indonesia, Ae. aegypti-derived resistance to different routinely applied insecticides occurred. Our findings evidence that Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance is most likely spreading into less populated areas and thus needs further surveillance in order to delay Ae. aegypti resistance development.

scholarly journals Survei Entomologi, Kerentanan Aedes aegypti terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat, dan Identifikasi Gen VGSC di Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman, Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Novyan Lusiyana ◽  
Siti Fitiah ◽  
Andrias Atmaja Putri ◽  
Muthia Tsabita Rahmi ◽  
Dian Maknalia Ilham
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Enzyme Detection

Control and prevention effort of dengue haemorhagic fever relies on the application of insecticidesto control vector mosquito. In Indonesia, application of organophosphate insecticide (temephos andmalathion), and pyrethroid is a key part of the dengue control strategy. This study aimed to determine theentomological survey, susceptibility of Aedes aegypti against organophosphate insecticide and identificationof VGSC gene in Dusun Malangrejo, Sleman Yogyakarta. This study is an observational with a cross sectionaldesign. The entomology survey procedure used a single larvae technique, biological susceptibility test of Ae.aegypti against organophosphate insecticides using WHO (temephos), CDC (malathion), biochemistry andVGSC genes detection using PCR method. Results of this study showed that bath tub was potential breedingplace for Ae. aegypti. Susceptibility status of temephos was still tolerant (95.4%), while malathion showsresistance (13.75%). Bioassay and biochemical test shows potential resistant to insecticides due to elevatedactivity of esterase non specific enzyme. Detection of the VGSC gene shows positive for both genes (V1016G;S989P) and F1534C. Furthermore, regularly assessment of insecticide resistance status will hopefully assistthe local public health authorities to assign policy for managing mosquito control such as by rotation ofdifferent routinely used insecticide to delay Ae. aegypti resistance development.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus in Field-Caught Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Collected during the Recent Outbreaks in 2019, Thailand

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Intayot ◽  
Phumee ◽  
Boonserm ◽  
Sor-suwan ◽  
Buathong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
South African ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Chikv Infection ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Health Authorities

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. CHIKV infection is spreading worldwide, and it periodically sparks new outbreaks. There are no specific drugs or effective vaccines against CHIKV. The interruption of pathogen transmission by mosquito control provides the only effective approach to the control of CHIKV infection. Many studies have shown that CHIKV can be transmitted among the Ae. aegypti through vertical transmission. The previous chikungunya fever outbreaks in Thailand during 2008–2009 were caused by CHIKV, the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. Recently, there have been 3794 chikungunya cases in 27 provinces reported by the Bureau of Epidemiology of Health Ministry, Thailand during 1 January–16 June 2019; however, the cause of the re-emergence of CHIKV outbreaks is uncertain. Therefore, the aims of this study were to detect and analyze the genetic diversity of CHIKV infection in field-caught mosquitoes. Both female and male Ae. aegypti were collected from endemic areas of Thailand, and CHIKV detection was done by using E1-nested RT-PCR and sequencing analysis. A total of 1646 Ae. aegypti samples (900 females and 746 males) were tested. CHIKV was detected in 54 (3.28%) and 14 samples (0.85%) in female and male mosquitoes, respectively. Seventeen samples of female Ae. aegypti collected from the Ubon Ratchathani, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Sawan, and Songkhla provinces found mutation at E1: A226V. Interestingly, E1: K211E mutation was observed in 50 samples collected from Nong Khai, Bangkok, Prachuap Khiri Khan, and Krabi. In addition, the phylogenetic tree indicated that CHIKV in Ae. aegypti samples were from the Indian Ocean Clade and East/South African Clade. Both clades belong to the ECSA genotype. The information obtained from this study could be used for prediction, epidemiological study, prevention, and effective vector control of CHIKV. For instance, a novel CHIKV strain found in new areas has the potential to lead to a new outbreak. Health authorities could plan and apply control strategies more effectively given the tools provided by this research.

scholarly journals Patient health engagement model: explaining citizens noncompliance and maladaptive behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Graffigna ◽  
S Barello ◽  
L Palamenghi ◽  
M Savarese ◽  
G Castellini
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Abstract Background At the end of February 2020 a new case was diagnosed with COVID-19 in north Italy, suddenly followed by new cases. Italian health authorities decided to enforce restrictive measures. Northern areas of Italy were identified as “red areas” to slow down the epidemic and its impact on the healthcare system. From this perspective, the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy constitutes a testing ground for the assessment of the ability of consumers to cope with this health risk. Methods A cross-sectional study on a representative sample of 1000 Italian citizens was conducted over the period 27 February- 5 March exploring the following hypotheses: 1) less engaged individuals are more concerned for the health emergency and feel more vulnerable; 2) less engaged have higher probability to develop negative attitudes and dysfunctional behaviors. Results only the 16% the interviewees presented a high level of engagement. Lower levels of engagement were measured in the southern parts of Italy (not yet touched by the epidemics at the time of data collection). People with lowers levels of engagement reported higher fears for the contagion and sense of vulnerability. Furthermore, they showed the lower levels of trust in the Public Health Authorities, in medical research and in vaccines. Finally, they appeared more dismissive in their preventive behaviors and more disorganized in the fruition of the healthcare services. Conclusions A psychological analysis of processes of attitudinal and role change in the direction of becoming more engaged in health prevention is worthy in order to forecast potential dysfunctional reactions to restrictive health prevention measures and to orient personalized education initiatives to consumers with different level of engagement. Key messages Profiling based on the levels of health engagement is important in order to plan more effective healthcare measures during epidemics. Targeted educational initiatives should take into account citizens' engagement profiles.

scholarly journals Susceptibility Status of Aedes aegypti L. Against Different Classes of Insecticides in New Delhi, India to Formulate Mosquito Control Strategy in Fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roopa Rani Samal ◽  
Sarita Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Current Status ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
Control Programs

Background: Mosquito control is a major concern throughout the world because of rising cases of mosquito-borne diseases. The outbreak of Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya has caused grave situations raising urgent need to control Aedes aegypti. Moreover, extensive use of synthetic insecticides in mosquito control programs has resulted in high levels of insecticide resistance leading to the use of magnified concentrations, impacting human health and environment adversely. The knowledge about current status of the insecticide susceptibility against Ae. aegypti could help to devise mosquito control strategy. Objective: Present study evaluates the larvicidal potential of thirteen insecticides belonging to seven different classes; organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, avermectins and secondary metabolites; against early fourth instars of Ae. aegypti. Materials and Methods: The insecticide susceptibility was evaluated as per WHO protocol. Fatality counts were made after 24h of exposure; and the LC50, LC90 and other statistical parameters were computed by probit-regression analysis. Results: The data reveals the maximum efficacy of pyrethroids and fenitrothion, with lethal values less than 0.001 ppm. Avermectins, organochlorines and carbamates were moderately toxic, while neonicotinoid posed appreciable toxicity. In contrast, berberine, a secondary plant metabolite was found inefficient. The larvicidal efficacy of tested insecticides against Ae. aegypti was found in the decreasing order of pyrethroids > organophosphates > avermectins > organochlorines > carbamates > neonicotinoids > secondary metabolites. Conclusion: Present investigations explore various toxicants as Dengue vector control agents in order to devise a suitable control strategy for mosquito control in fields.

Urban Landscape Features Influence the Movement and Distribution of the Australian Container-Inhabiting Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan J Trewin ◽  
Daniel E Pagendam ◽  
Myron P Zalucki ◽  
Jonathan M Darbro ◽  
Gregor J Devine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Gaussian Kernel ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Rainwater Tanks

Abstract Urban landscape features play an important role in the distribution and population spread of mosquito vectors. Furthermore, current insecticide and novel rear-and-release strategies for urban mosquito management rarely consider the spatial structure of the landscape when applying control practices. Here, we undertake a mark-recapture experiment to examine how urban features influence the movement and distribution of Australian container-inhabiting Aedes vectors. We pay attention to the role of semipermanent water storage containers, called rainwater tanks, and the influence of movement barriers, such as roads, on the spread and distribution of vector populations. Results suggest that Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) were more likely to be captured around rainwater tanks, and that released males travel throughout residential blocks but do not cross roads. Conversely, female Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) movement was uninhibited by roads and rainwater tanks did not influence female distribution or oviposition behavior. Using an isotropic Gaussian kernel framework, we show that vector movement is likely to be greater when applying a temporal effect, than when estimated by traditional methods. We conclude that a greater understanding on the role of urban features on vector movement will be important in the new age of rear-and-release mosquito control strategies, particularly those where estimations of movement are important for ensuring efficacy of application.

scholarly journals Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Among the Staphylococcus aureus Colonizing the Anterior Nares of School Children of Udupi Taluk

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Govindan ◽  
C A Mohammed ◽  
I Bairy
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Clindamycin is one of the preferred antibiotics in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) skin and soft tissue infections. However the emergence of inducible clindamycin resistant SA is a major concern for clinicians in the management of such infections. Information about such resistant strains of SA colonizing the anterior nares is very important in planning infection control strategies. The objective of the current study was to assess the proportion of SA showing inducible clindamycin resistance and also to know their association with methicillin resistance. Among the isolates, 11.6% (44/378) strains were showing positive D test which indicates inducible clindamycin resistance and a highly significant 71% (12/17) inducible clindamycin resistance was also noticed in the case of MRSA. The nasal carriage of inducible clindamycin resistant SA showing a significant association with MRSA strains by the paediatric population from this area warrants the inclusion of D test in the routine antibiotic susceptibility testing of SA isolates. Information about the MLSBi status among the colonizing strains would also help the public health authorities to plan and implement infection control strategies at the community level.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v4i1.10136 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2014;4 (1): 337-340

scholarly journals Epidemiological and etiological aspects of enterovirus infection in Russia and Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-916
Author(s):  
N. I. Romanenkova ◽  
L. N. Golitsyna ◽  
T. T. T. Nguyen ◽  
N. V. Ponomareva ◽  
A. V. Leonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Enterovirus Infection ◽  
Monophyletic Cluster ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
High Level

The epidemic situation and etiological factors of enterovirus infection in Russia and Vietnam were analysed and compared. The identified strains of enteroviruses of 47 types, which circulated in Russia in 2018–2019, belonged to different species: Enterovirus species A (CV-A2, CV-A4, CV-A6, CV-A8, CV-A10, CV-A16, EV-A71), as well as Enterovirus species B and Enterovirus species C. The strains isolated from 87 children from southern Vietnam hospitalised in 2018–2019 into infectious hospitals while having enterovirus infection with exanthema were also studied. All identified strains were represented by Enterovirus species A: EV-A71 — 59 strains, CV-A10 — 20 strains, CV-A16 — 5 strains, CV-A6 — two strains and CV-A2 — one strain. Out of 59 viruses EV-A71, 53 strains belonged to genotype C4 and 6 strains belonged to genotype B5. The sequences of EV-A71 strains of genotype C4 from South Vietnam formed a monophyletic cluster with the sequences of EV-A71 viruses which circulated during 2016–2018 in different provinces of China, and they were very close to EV-A71 strains of the same genotype from the Yunnan Province. These strains were genetically different from Russian viruses and Vietnamese viruses identified in the years 2003–2005 and 2011– 2012. Most of the cases of enterovirus infection from southern Vietnam (78%) caused by EV-A71 virus of genotype C4 were reported in three provinces located in southern Vietnam in the Mekong Delta. The epidemic process and the etiology of enterovirus infection in Russia and Vietnam have common features. At the same time, the epidemic situation in these countries is not the same. The incidence of enterovirus infection is influenced by geographic, climatic, economic and demographic factors that differ in two countries. In the majority of territories of Russia, the climate is temperate or cold, seasonal rises in the incidence rates of enterovirus infection usually occur in the summer, when people go on vacation, spend a lot of time outdoors and swim in open reservoirs. In Vietnam, a constant high-level temperature, a high population density and a large proportion of children determine the higher incidence of enterovirus infection, especially in the southern provinces of Vietnam, compared to Russia. The fact that more than 20% of the Vietnamese population lives in the Mekong Delta, which is the largest river in Indochina, has a significant impact on the epidemic process of enterovirus infection in South Vietnam. The Mekong River which flows through China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, and carries huge streams of water, including rainstorm waters and sewages, from all of these countries into the southern provinces of Vietnam, which have the highest incidence rates of enterovirus infection in the country. The results of the research underline the importance of active epidemiological and virological surveillance of enterovirus infection, which plays the key role in informing the public health authorities about the changes in the epidemic situation in order to take appropriate measures and develop the prevention strategies. The goal of anti-epidemic and preventive measures is to reduce the incidence of enterovirus infection and the economic burden of this infection for Russia and Vietnam.

scholarly journals The juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene-tolerant is involved in the sterilizing effect of pyriproxyfen on adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmina Hossain Ahmed ◽  
T. Randolph Saunders ◽  
Donald Mullins ◽  
Mohammad Zillur Rahman ◽  
Jinsong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Oocyte Development ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Before And After

AbstractExposure of adult mosquitoes to pyriproxyfen (PPF), an analog of insect juvenile hormone (JH), has shown promise to effectively sterilize female mosquitoes. However, the underlying mechanisms of the PPF-induced decrease in mosquito fecundity are largely unknown. We performed a comprehensive study to dissect the mode of PPF action in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Exposure to PPF prompted the overgrowth of primary follicles in sugar-fed Ae. aegypti females but blocked the development of primary follicles at Christopher’s Stage III after blood feeding. Secondary follicles were precociously activated in PPF-treated mosquitoes. Moreover, PPF substantially altered the expression of many genes that are essential for mosquito physiology and oocyte development in the fat body and ovary. In particular, many metabolic genes were differentially expressed in response to PPF treatment, thereby affecting the mobilization and utilization of energy reserves. Furthermore, PPF treatment on the previtellogenic female adults considerably modified mosquito responses to JH and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), two major hormones that govern mosquito reproduction. Krüppel homolog 1, a JH-inducible transcriptional regulator, showed consistently elevated expression after PPF exposure. Conversely, PPF upregulated the expression of several key players of the 20E regulatory cascades, including HR3 and E75A, in the previtellogenic stage. After blood-feeding, the expression of these 20E response genes was significantly weaker in PPF-treated mosquitoes than the solvent-treated control groups. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) protein, the JH receptor, partially rescued the impaired follicular development after PPF exposure and substantially increased the hatching of the eggs produced by PPF-treated female mosquitoes. Thus, the results suggested that PPF relied on Met to exert its sterilizing effects on female mosquitoes. In summary, this study finds that PPF exposure disturbs normal hormonal responses and metabolism in Ae. aegypti, shedding light on the molecular targets and the downstream signaling pathways activated by PPF.Author summaryAedes aegypti mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever. Insecticides are widely used as the primary tool in the prevention and control of these infectious diseases. In light of the rapid increase of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations, there is an urgent need to find new classes of insecticides with a different mode of action. Here we found that pyriproxyfen, an analog of insect juvenile hormone (JH), had a large impact on the oocyte development, both before and after blood feeding, in female mosquitoes. Pyriproxyfen disturbed normal hormonal responses and caused metabolic shifting in female adults. These actions appear to collectively impair oocyte development and substantially reduce viable progenies of female mosquitoes. Besides, we demonstrated the involvement of the JH receptor Met in pyriproxyfen-induced female sterilization. This study significantly advances our understanding of mosquito reproductive biology and the molecular basis of pyriproxyfen action, which are invaluable for the development of new mosquito control strategies.

scholarly journals Can Wastewater be Used to Improve our COVID-19 Surveillance Efforts?

CommonHealth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Shannon McGinnis ◽  
Shane Mclouglin ◽  
Tiffany Buturla ◽  
Nishita D'Souza ◽  
José Logo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Wastewater Samples

As the spread of COVID-19 continues to significantly impact daily life in the United States and globally, there is a need for a clear understanding of disease prevalence in communities. Traditional methods that rely on counting individual cases often result in underreporting due to limited access to testing or healthcare. This issue is further exacerbated by the spread of COVID-19 by asymptomatic or presymptomatic individuals who may not seek testing. Historically, wastewater surveillance has been used to provide population-level data on the prevalence of infectious diseases in communities. Data collected through wastewater surveillance has been used to advise public health control measures, such as vaccination campaigns, and to detect local outbreaks before cases are reported to public health authorities. For this reason, researchers around the globe have been analyzing wastewater samples for SARS-CoV-2 to assist in our response to the existing COVID-19 pandemic. This commentary discusses the potential utility of wastewater-based surveillance to advise public health control strategies for COVID-19 and discusses how it may be used to strengthen local surveillance efforts in Philadelphia.

scholarly journals Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in California by Biochemical Assays

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1176-1183
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Samuel Schildhauer ◽  
Sarah A Billeter ◽  
Melissa Hardstone Yoshimizu ◽  
Robert Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Organophosphate Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Effective Use

Abstract Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes poses a major threat to public health worldwide. There are two primary biological mechanisms that can lead to insecticide resistance, target site and metabolic resistance, both of which confer resistance to specific classes of insecticides. Due to the limited number of chemical compounds available for mosquito control, it is important to determine current enzymatic profiles among mosquito populations. This study assessed resistance profiles for three metabolic pathways, α-esterases, β-esterases, and mixed-function oxidases (MFOs), as well as insensitivity of the acetylcholinesterase (iAChE) enzyme in the presence of propoxur, among Ae. aegypti from the Central Valley and southern California. All field-collected Ae. aegypti demonstrated elevated MFOs and iAChE activity, indicating potential development of pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance, respectively. Although regional variations were found among α-esterase and β-esterase activity, levels were generally elevated, further suggesting additional mechanisms for developing organophosphate resistance. Furthermore, mosquito samples from southern California exhibited a higher expression level to all three metabolic enzymes and iAChE activity in comparison to mosquitoes from the central region. These results could help guide future mosquito control efforts, directing the effective use of insecticides while limiting the spread of resistance.

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