scholarly journals IndustrialTransFatty Acid and Serum Cholesterol: The Allowable Dietary Level

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Takeuchi ◽  
Michihiro Sugano
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Transfatty acid (TFA) from partially hydrogenated oil is regarded as the worst dietary fatty acid per gram due to its role in coronary heart disease. TFA consumption is decreasing worldwide, but some but not all observational studies indicate that TFA intake has little relevance to serum cholesterol levels in populations with low TFA intake (<1%E[percentage of total energy intake], <approximately 2 g/day). Few intervention trials examined the effect of TFAs on blood cholesterol at relatively low levels (<2%E); no definite evidence is available on the tolerable upper level of the intake. A series of our intervention studies in Japanese suggested that an industrial TFA intake at <1%Edoes not influence the serum cholesterol level. To establish allowable level, we must consider not only the dietary level of TFAs, but also the composition of dietary fats simultaneously consumed, that is, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids strengthen or counteract the adverse effect of TFAs on serum cholesterol levels. In this review we describe the complex situation of the cardiovascular effects of industrial TFAs. The relationship between dietary industrial TFAs and concentration of plasma cholesterol should be evaluated from the viewpoint of dietary patterns rather than TFAs alone.　

Effects of rapeseed and soybean oil dietary supplementation on bovine fat metabolism, fatty acid composition and cholesterol levels in milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Altenhofer ◽  
Melanie Spornraft ◽  
Hermine Kienberger ◽  
Michael Rychlik ◽  
Julia Herrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

The main goal of this experiment was to study the effect of milk fat depression, induced by supplementing diet with plant oils, on the bovine fat metabolism, with special interest in cholesterol levels. For this purpose 39 cows were divided in three groups and fed different rations: a control group (C) without any oil supplementation and two groups with soybean oil (SO) or rapeseed oil (RO) added to the partial mixed ration (PMR). A decrease in milk fat percentage was observed in both oil feedings with a higher decrease of −1·14 % with SO than RO with −0·98 % compared with the physiological (−0·15 %) decline in the C group. There was no significant change in protein and lactose yield. The daily milk cholesterol yield was lower in both oil rations than in control ration, while the blood cholesterol level showed an opposite variation. The milk fatty acid pattern showed a highly significant decrease of over 10 % in the amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in both oil feedings and a highly significant increase in mono (MUFA) and poly (PUFA) unsaturated fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) included. The results of this experiment suggest that the feeding of oil supplements has a high impact on milk fat composition and its significance for human health, by decreasing fats with a potentially negative effect (SFA and cholesterol) while simultaneously increasing others with positive (MUFA, PUFA, CLA).

scholarly journals Acute postprandial effect of hydrogenated fish oil, palm oil and lard on plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in normocholesterolaemic males

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie M. Cantwell ◽  
Mary A.T. Flynn ◽  
Michael J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The majority of research has focused on the association betweentransunsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) from hydrogenated vegetable oils and heart disease even though TUFA are also produced from hydrogenated fish oil. We compared the acute effect of three solid fats on postprandial cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG) and NEFA concentrations in normocholesterolaemic males. Eight healthy male volunteers consumed each of the three 40g fat meals (partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO), palm oil and lard) in random order and blood samples were drawn at 2, 4, 6 and 8h thereafter for lipid analysis. The postprandial response in plasma TAG, TAG-rich lipoprotein-TAG (TRL-TAG), total cholesterol and plasma NEFA, measured as the area under the postprandial curve, was not significantly different between the three meals (p>0·05), which varied in MUFA, PUFA and TUFA content. There was no marked elevation of longer-chain fatty acids (C20–22,cisortransisomers) into the TRL-TAG fraction following the PHFO meal even though they provided 40% of the total fatty acids in the PHFO meal. The postprandial TRL-TAG response to PHFO was expected to be higher, as it is higher in TUFA, lower in PUFA and similar in saturated fatty acid composition compared with the lard and palm oil test meals. The absence of a higher postprandial response following ingestion of PHFO could be as a result of reduced absorption and increased oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (bothcisandtransisomers)

The utilization of dietary fats by ruminants:II. The effect of fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on digestibility

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Andrews ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain Length ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

SUMMARYThe effect of fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on digestibility in sheep were examined using partially purified samples of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. The digestibility of the fatty acids was relatively constant with only a very slight decrease on increasing chain length. There was an extensive hydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty acids.The corrected digestibility coefficients for lauric acid was 91%, myristic 86%, palmitic 87% and stearic acid 81–83% whereas the corrected digestibility coefficients for oleic and linoleic acids were calculated at 87 and 93% respectively. The digestibility coefficients for the saturated fatty acids are higher than similar estimates that have been reported for non-ruminants. It is suggested that the ruminant is better able to utilize saturated fatty acids than the non-ruminant.

scholarly journals Omega-3 Fatty Acid Enriched Chevon (Goat Meat) Lowers Plasma Cholesterol Levels and Alters Gene Expressions in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ebrahimi ◽  
Mohamed Ali Rajion ◽  
Goh Yong Meng ◽  
Abdoreza Soleimani Farjam
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Goat Meat ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Oil Palm Frond ◽  
Palm Frond

In this study, control chevon (goat meat) and omega-3 fatty acid enriched chevon were obtained from goats fed a 50% oil palm frond diet and commercial goat concentrate for 100 days, respectively. Goats fed the 50% oil palm frond diet contained high amounts ofα-linolenic acid (ALA) in their meat compared to goats fed the control diet. The chevon was then used to prepare two types of pellets (control or enriched chevon) that were then fed to twenty-male-four-month-oldSprague-Dawleyrats (n=10in each group) for 12 weeks to evaluate their effects on plasma cholesterol levels, tissue fatty acids, and gene expression. There was a significant increase in ALA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the muscle tissues and liver of the rats fed the enriched chevon compared with the control group. Plasma cholesterol also decreased (P<0.05) in rats fed the enriched chevon compared to the control group. The rat pellets containing enriched chevon significantly upregulated the key transcription factor PPAR-γand downregulated SREBP-1c expression relative to the control group. The results showed that the omega-3 fatty acid enriched chevon increased the omega-3 fatty acids in the rat tissues and altered PPAR-γand SREBP-1c genes expression.

scholarly journals Дослідження жирнокислотного складу часнику листя та цибулин

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fedosov ◽  
V. S. Kyslychenko ◽  
O. M. Novosel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Hypotensive Activity

Introduction. Polyunsaturated fatty acids show a wide spectrum of biological activity in human body, including lowering blood cholesterol level, arterial pressure, improving blood circulation, take part in prostaglandins synthesis etc. Thus, the search of new herbal sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids is an important task of modern pharmaceutical science aimed at creation of effective Ukrainian medicines and dietary supplements on their basis.The aim of the study – to learn of qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids in garlic leaves and bulbs.Research Methods. The fatty acid composition of garlic leaves and bulbs was carried out using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion. As a result of the research 13 fatty acids were identified and their content was determined in garlic leaves, and 11 fatty acids – in garlic bulbs. Among the saturated fatty acids palmitic acid dominated in the leaves – 17.85 % and in bulbs – 13.67 %, and among unsaturated ones – linoleic acid – 46.40 % and 64.45 % respectively. The sum of unsaturated fatty acids both in the leaves and bulbs prevailed over the sum of saturated ones, which allows to expect hypocholesteremic, hypolipidemic, antiaggregant and hypotensive activity in the medicines containing the studied plant material types.Conclusions. 1. The fatty acid composition of garlic leaves and bulbs was carried out using gas chromatography. As a result of the research 13 fatty acids were identified and their content was determined in garlic leaves, and 11 fatty acids – in garlic bulbs. The sum of unsaturated fatty acids both in the leaves and bulbs prevailed over the sum of saturated ones, with prevalence of linoleic acid – 46,40% in the leaves and 64.45 % in bulbs. The obtained results allow recommending garlic leaves and bulbs as herbal source of polyunsaturated fatty acids with the following creation of effective Ukrainian medicines and dietary supplements on their basis.

Effects of dietary N on lipids of rumen digesta, plasma, liver, muscle and perirenal fat in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gerson ◽  
A. John ◽  
I. D. Shelton ◽  
B. R. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Unesterified Cholesterol ◽  
Liver Lipids ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYTwo-year-old Romney wethers were fed diets with (a) varying proportions of N (0·5, 1·1, 1·4 and 3·4%) while on similar digestible organic matter (DOM) intake, and (b) the same proportions of N with different DOM intake.The composition of rumen volatile and unesterified fatty acids, as well as of lipids and fatty acids of plasma, liver, muscle and perirenal fat, was determined.When the proportions of dietary N were varied the findings were as follows: in the rumenahigh level of propionate (37%) was found on the 1·4% N diet, unsaturated fatty acids constituted between 20 and 30% of rumen unesterified fatty acids with diets containing 0·5 and 3·4% N, while sheep on 1·1 and 1·4% N diets had 70·80% unsaturated fatty acids. In plasma and tissues other than the liver there was a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in sheep fed the 1·4% N diet. Total liver lipids were highest on the 0·5 and 3·4% N diets. Perirenal fat was highest on the 0·5% N diet.With the exception of unesterified cholesterol, tissue and plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased with increasing dietary N content.Increased DOM intake while the proportion of dietary N was kept constant caused few changes in lipid and fatty acid composition of rumen, plasma and tissues.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

Differential Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Body Composition and Adiposity

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Emamat ◽  
Zahra Yari ◽  
Hossein Farhadnejad ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Total Body

Recent evidence has highlighted that fat accumulation, particularly abdominal fat distribution, is strongly associated with metabolic disturbance. It is also well-recognized that the metabolic responses to variations in macronutrients intake can affect body composition. Previous studies suggest that the quality of dietary fats can be considered as the main determinant of body-fat deposition, fat distribution, and body composition without altering the total body weight; however, the effects of dietary fats on body composition have controversial results. There is substantial evidence to suggest that saturated fatty acids are more obesogen than unsaturated fatty acids, and with the exception of some isomers like conjugate linoleic acid, most dietary trans fatty acids are adiposity enhancers, but there is no consensus on it yet. On the other hand, there is little evidence to indicate that higher intake of the n-3 and the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be beneficial in attenuating adiposity, and the effect of monounsaturated fatty acids on body composition is contradictory. Accordingly, the content of this review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the potential effects of the different types of dietary fatty acids on body composition and adiposity. It also refers to the putative mechanisms underlying this association and reflects on the controversy of this topic.

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