scholarly journals MicroRNA in Glioblastoma: An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Banelli ◽  
Alessandra Forlani ◽  
Giorgio Allemanni ◽  
Anna Morabito ◽  
Maria Pia Pistillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Multimodal Therapy ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Predictors Of Outcome ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Complementary Sequences ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Potential Applications

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor and, even with the current multimodal therapy, is an invariably lethal cancer with a life expectancy that depends on the tumor subtype but, even in the most favorable cases, rarely exceeds 2 years. Epigenetic factors play an important role in gliomagenesis, are strong predictors of outcome, and are important determinants for the resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. The latest addition to the epigenetic machinery is the noncoding RNA (ncRNA), that is, RNA molecules that are not translated into a protein and that exert their function by base pairing with other nucleic acids in a reversible and nonmutational mode. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of ncRNA of about 22 bp that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in the mRNA and silence its translation into proteins. MicroRNAs reversibly regulate transcription through nonmutational mechanisms; accordingly, they can be considered as epigenetic effectors. In this review, we will discuss the role of miRNA in glioma focusing on their role in drug resistance and on their potential applications in the therapy of this tumor.

scholarly journals New insights into lung development and diseases: the role of microRNAs

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Johar ◽  
Vinayakumar Siragam ◽  
Thomas H. Mahood ◽  
Richard Keijzer
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous noncoding RNA molecules (∼22 nucleotides) that can regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. Research interest in the role of miRNAs in lung biology is emerging. MiRNAs have been implicated in a range of processes such as development, homeostasis, and inflammatory diseases in lung tissues and are capable of inducing differentiation, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. In recent years, several studies have reported that miRNAs are differentially regulated in lung development and lung diseases in response to epigenetic changes, providing new insights for their versatile role in various physiological and pathological processes in the lung. In this review, we discuss the contribution of miRNAs to lung development and diseases and possible future implications in the field of lung biology.

scholarly journals Role of microRNAs in gastrointestinal smooth muscle fibrosis and dysfunction: novel molecular perspectives on the pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (7) ◽  
pp. G449-G459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadalavada Vijay Krishna ◽  
Jagmohan Singh ◽  
Chellappagounder Thangavel ◽  
Satish Rattan
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Muscle Fibrosis ◽  
Phenotype Switch ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a group of short noncoding RNA molecules with important roles in cellular biology. miRNAs regulate gene expression by repressing translation or degrading the target mRNA. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs are implicated in many diseases and could be potential biomarkers. Fibrosis and/smooth muscle (SM) dysfunction contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Currently available therapeutic modalities are unsuccessful in efficiently blocking or reversing fibrosis and/or SM dysfunction. Recent understanding of the role of miRNAs in signaling pathway of fibrogenesis and SM phenotype switch has provided a new insight into translational research. However, much is still unknown about the molecular targets and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in the GIT. This review discusses miRNA biology, pathophysiology of fibrosis, and aging- associated SM dysfunction in relation to the deregulation of miRNAs in the GIT. We also highlight the role of selected miRNAs associated with fibrosis and SM dysfunction-related diseases of the GIT.

scholarly journals Long-Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik A. Barth ◽  
Felix Prinz ◽  
Julia Teppan ◽  
Katharina Jonas ◽  
Christiane Klec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Upstream Regulators

Hypoxia is dangerous for oxygen-dependent cells, therefore, physiological adaption to cellular hypoxic conditions is essential. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main regulator of hypoxic metabolic adaption reducing oxygen consumption and is regulated by gradual von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-dependent proteasomal degradation. Beyond physiology, hypoxia is frequently encountered within solid tumors and first drugs are in clinical trials to tackle this pathway in cancer. Besides hypoxia, cancer cells may promote HIF expression under normoxic conditions by altering various upstream regulators, cumulating in HIF upregulation and enhanced glycolysis and angiogenesis, altogether promoting tumor proliferation and progression. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial to discover potential future therapeutic targets to evolve cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with a length of over 200 nucleotides. They participate in cancer development and progression and might act as either oncogenic or tumor suppressive factors. Additionally, a growing body of evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in the hypoxic and normoxic regulation of HIF and its subunits HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive update and overview of lncRNAs as regulators of HIFs expression and activation and discusses and highlights potential involved pathways.

The role of microRNA in degeneration of the intervertebral disc

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Ozal Arzuman Beylerli ◽  
Ilgiz F. Gareev ◽  
Valentin N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chronic Lower Back Pain ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Matrix Cell

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. MiRNAs regulate many normal physiological processes, and also play an important role in the development of most disorders. The expression levels of miRNAs are characterized by endogenous properties and tissue specificity. These characteristics increase the likelihood that miRNAs can serve as useful clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Chronic lower back pain is usually associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IDD), which is closely associated with apoptosis, impaired extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and an inflammatory response. This process is characterized by a cascade of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and structural changes. Currently, there is no clinical therapy that shows the pathophysiology of disk degeneration. The presence of unregulated expression of miRNA in patients with degenerative disk disease indicates a vital role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IDD. It becomes apparent that epigenetic processes affect the evolution of IDD as much as the genetic background. Deregulated phenotypes of pulp nucleus cells, including differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, are involved in all stages of the progression of human IDD. In this review, we will focus on the role and therapeutic value of miRNAs in IDD.

scholarly journals MicroRNA expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Baltic ◽  
Milan Baltic ◽  
Zorica Svircev ◽  
Vera Jerant-Patic
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
Normal Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Differentiation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Target Mrna ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas

MicroRNAs are a class of short, single-stranded, noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate the expression target mRNA at posttranslational level. microRNAs as key regulatory molecules play important biological function and might act as tumor suppressor oncogenes in cancer and lymphomas. microRNAs cause the expression of important cancer related genes and might prove useful in the diagnostics, prognosis, and treatment of some lymphomas This review focuses on the role of microRNAs in normal lymphocyte differentiation and in development of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Important Players and Biomarkers in Oral Carcinogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjie Min ◽  
Chao Zhu ◽  
Shuping Peng ◽  
Saroj Rajthala ◽  
Daniela Elena Costea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Significant Attention

Oral cancer, represented mainly by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the eighth most common type of human cancer worldwide. The number of new OSCC cases is increasing worldwide, especially in the low-income countries, and the prognosis remains poor in spite of recent advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 18–25 nucleotides long noncoding RNA molecules, have recently gained significant attention as potential regulators and biomarkers for carcinogenesis. Recent data show that several miRNAs are deregulated in OSCC, and they have either a tumor suppressive or an oncogenic role in oral carcinogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of miRNAs as tumor promotors or tumor suppressors in OSCC development and discusses their potential value as diagnostic and prognostic markers in OSCC.

The Evolving Role of MicroRNAs in Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Response to Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Watkin ◽  
Glenn Fitzpatrick ◽  
Steve Kerrigan
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
Rna Molecules

AbstractThe microRNAs are short noncoding RNA molecules responsible for translational repression and silencing of target genes via binding to the mRNA. They are found in all eukaryotic cells and play a critical role in virtually all physiological processes, including within the cardiovascular system where they influence cellular development, differentiation, cardiovascular function, hemostasis, and programmed cell death. Dysregulated microRNA expression is associated with several conditions ranging from cancer and autoimmune disease to infection. Progressively, it has become increasingly clear that microRNAs are important components of the host response to microbes. The cardiovascular system, coupled with cells of the innate immune system, provide the initial interaction and first response to microbial infection, respectively. This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding the role of microRNAs with emphasis on their role in controlling endothelial cell function.

scholarly journals The Role of microRNA in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Different Variants, Treatment and Prognosis of Mycosis Fungoides

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Wen ◽  
Yao Xie ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Mycosis Fungoides ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), accounting for approximately 50% of all CTCLs. Although various molecular changes in MF have been described in existing studies, no obvious disease-specific changes have been found thus far. microRNAs (miRs) are short, noncoding RNA molecules that play roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in various diseases. Recently, there has been rapidly expanding experimental evidence for the role of miRs in the progression, early diagnosis, prognosis prediction for MF. Efforts to improve early diagnosis and develop personalized therapy options have become more important in recent years. Here, we provide an overview and update of recent advances regarding miRs associated with MF. Furthermore, we provide insights into future opportunities for miR-based therapies.

scholarly journals Functional Role of circRNAs in the Regulation of Fetal Development, Muscle Development, and Lactation in Livestock

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Tianle He ◽  
Qingyun Chen ◽  
Ke Tian ◽  
Yinzhao Xia ◽  
Guozhong Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Regulatory Functions

circRNAs are a class of endogenous noncoding RNA molecules with closed loop structures. They are mainly responsible for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic cells. With the emergence of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and new types of bioinformatics tools, thousands of circRNAs have been discovered, making circRNA one of the research hotspots. Recent studies have shown that circRNAs play an important regulatory role in the growth, reproduction, and formation of livestock products. They can not only regulate mammalian fetal growth and development but also have important regulatory effects on livestock muscle development and lactation. In this review, we briefly introduce the putative biogenic pathways and regulatory functions of circRNA and highlight our understanding of circRNA and its latest advances in fetal development, muscle development, and lactation biogenesis as well as expression in livestock. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of related industries.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: The Role in Autoimmune Inflammation

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Baulina ◽  
O. G. Kulakova ◽  
O. O. Favorova
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Autoimmune Inflammation ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Significant Disease ◽  
Antibody Secretion

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through base-pairing predominantly with a 3-untranslated region of target mRNA, followed by mRNA degradation or translational repression. Totally, miRNAs change, through a complex regulatory network, the expression of more than 60% of human genes. MiRNAs are key regulators of the immune response that affect maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells, as well as antibody secretion and release of inflammatory mediators. Disruption of this regulation may lead to the development of various pathological conditions, including autoimmune inflammation. This review summarizes the data on biogenesis and the mechanisms of miRNA action. We discuss the role of miRNAs in the development and the action of the immune system, as well as in the development of an autoimmune inflammatory response. Special attention is given to the role of miRNAs in the autoimmune inflammation in multiple sclerosis, which is a serious socially significant disease of the central nervous system. Currently, a lot of research is focused on this problem.

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