scholarly journals New insights into lung development and diseases: the role of microRNAs

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Johar ◽  
Vinayakumar Siragam ◽  
Thomas H. Mahood ◽  
Richard Keijzer
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous noncoding RNA molecules (∼22 nucleotides) that can regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. Research interest in the role of miRNAs in lung biology is emerging. MiRNAs have been implicated in a range of processes such as development, homeostasis, and inflammatory diseases in lung tissues and are capable of inducing differentiation, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. In recent years, several studies have reported that miRNAs are differentially regulated in lung development and lung diseases in response to epigenetic changes, providing new insights for their versatile role in various physiological and pathological processes in the lung. In this review, we discuss the contribution of miRNAs to lung development and diseases and possible future implications in the field of lung biology.

Updates on the Current Technologies for microRNA Profiling

MicroRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Mathew ◽  
Valentina Mattei ◽  
Muna Al Hashmi ◽  
Sara Tomei
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Microrna Profiling ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs are RNA molecules of ~22 nt length that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. The role of miRNAs has been reported in many cellular processes including apoptosis, cell differentiation, development and proliferation. The dysregulated expression of miRNAs has been proposed as a biomarker for the diagnosis, onset and prognosis of human diseases. The utility of miRNA profiles to identify and discriminate patients from healthy individuals is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the technologies used for their detection and the quantity and quality of starting material. In this review, we present an update of the current technologies for the extraction, QC assessment and detection of miRNAs with special focus to the most recent methods, discussing their advantages as well as their shortcomings.

scholarly journals MicroRNA in Glioblastoma: An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Banelli ◽  
Alessandra Forlani ◽  
Giorgio Allemanni ◽  
Anna Morabito ◽  
Maria Pia Pistillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Multimodal Therapy ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Predictors Of Outcome ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Complementary Sequences ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Potential Applications

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor and, even with the current multimodal therapy, is an invariably lethal cancer with a life expectancy that depends on the tumor subtype but, even in the most favorable cases, rarely exceeds 2 years. Epigenetic factors play an important role in gliomagenesis, are strong predictors of outcome, and are important determinants for the resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. The latest addition to the epigenetic machinery is the noncoding RNA (ncRNA), that is, RNA molecules that are not translated into a protein and that exert their function by base pairing with other nucleic acids in a reversible and nonmutational mode. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of ncRNA of about 22 bp that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in the mRNA and silence its translation into proteins. MicroRNAs reversibly regulate transcription through nonmutational mechanisms; accordingly, they can be considered as epigenetic effectors. In this review, we will discuss the role of miRNA in glioma focusing on their role in drug resistance and on their potential applications in the therapy of this tumor.

MicroRNA Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury

Neurotrauma ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
Manish Bhomia ◽  
Nagaraja S. Balakathiresan ◽  
Kevin K. W. Wang ◽  
Barbara Knollmann-Ritschel
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Regulate Gene

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently considered one of the major causes of disability and death worldwide. The cellular and molecular changes of TBI pathology are dynamic and complex in nature. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Several studies have shown a critical role of miRNAs in the development of long- and short-term TBI pathology. Circulating miRNAs are of great interest as blood-based biomarkers in TBI diagnosis. In this chapter, the authors review recent reports that aim to understand the role of miRNAs in TBI pathophysiology and their potential use as a therapeutic target. Additionally, the authors discuss the potential use of miRNAs as blood-based diagnostic markers for TBI and their possible association with other neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Role of microRNAs in gastrointestinal smooth muscle fibrosis and dysfunction: novel molecular perspectives on the pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (7) ◽  
pp. G449-G459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadalavada Vijay Krishna ◽  
Jagmohan Singh ◽  
Chellappagounder Thangavel ◽  
Satish Rattan
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Muscle Fibrosis ◽  
Phenotype Switch ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a group of short noncoding RNA molecules with important roles in cellular biology. miRNAs regulate gene expression by repressing translation or degrading the target mRNA. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs are implicated in many diseases and could be potential biomarkers. Fibrosis and/smooth muscle (SM) dysfunction contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Currently available therapeutic modalities are unsuccessful in efficiently blocking or reversing fibrosis and/or SM dysfunction. Recent understanding of the role of miRNAs in signaling pathway of fibrogenesis and SM phenotype switch has provided a new insight into translational research. However, much is still unknown about the molecular targets and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in the GIT. This review discusses miRNA biology, pathophysiology of fibrosis, and aging- associated SM dysfunction in relation to the deregulation of miRNAs in the GIT. We also highlight the role of selected miRNAs associated with fibrosis and SM dysfunction-related diseases of the GIT.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancer

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Asslaber ◽  
Josefina Piñón Hofbauer ◽  
Richard Greil ◽  
Alexander Egle
Keyword(s):  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene

miRNAs are small-noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression on a posttranscriptional level. A number of oncogenes and tumor suppressors were found to be targets of miRNAs and global miRNA expression signatures were able to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. Therefore it was not surprising that some miRNAs could be linked to the pathogenesis of cancer. In this review we provide an overview of the use of microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic tools in cancer and focus on the use of miRNA expression as biomarker for disease activity.

Biopsychosocial pathways to mental health and disease across the lifespan: The emerging role of epigenetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-206
Author(s):  
Charlotte A.M. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Regulate Gene ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

The biopsychosocial (BPS) model of psychiatry has had a major impact on our modern conceptualization of mental illness as a complex, multi-determined phenomenon. Yet, interdisciplinary BPS work remains the exception, rather than the rule in psychiatry. It has been suggested that this may stem in part from a failure of the BPS model to clearly delineate the mechanisms through which biological, psychological, and social factors co-act in the development of mental illness. This chapter discusses how epigenetic processes that regulate gene expression, such as DNA methylation, are fast emerging as a candidate mechanism for BPS interactions, with potentially widespread implications for the way that psychiatric disorders are understood, assessed, and, perhaps in future, even treated.

scholarly journals Polyamines regulate gene expression by stimulating translation of histone acetyltransferase mRNAs

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (26) ◽  
pp. 8736-8745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Sakamoto ◽  
Yusuke Terui ◽  
Takeshi Uemura ◽  
Kazuei Igarashi ◽  
Keiko Kashiwagi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferases ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Regulate Gene ◽  
Stimulation Of

Polyamines regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli by translationally stimulating mRNAs encoding global transcription factors. In this study, we focused on histone acetylation, one of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of gene expression, to attempt to clarify the role of polyamines in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. We found that activities of histone acetyltransferases in both the nucleus and cytoplasm decreased significantly in polyamine-reduced mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells. Although protein levels of histones H3 and H4 did not change in control and polyamine-reduced cells, acetylation of histones H3 and H4 was greatly decreased in the polyamine-reduced cells. Next, we used control and polyamine-reduced cells to identify histone acetyltransferases whose synthesis is stimulated by polyamines. We found that polyamines stimulate the translation of histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and HAT1. Accordingly, GCN5- and HAT1-catalyzed acetylation of specific lysine residues on histones H3 and H4 was stimulated by polyamines. Consistent with these findings, transcription of genes required for cell proliferation was enhanced by polyamines. These results indicate that polyamines regulate gene expression by enhancing the expression of the histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and HAT1 at the level of translation. Mechanistically, polyamines enhanced the interaction of microRNA-7648-5p (miR-7648-5p) with the 5′-UTR of GCN5 mRNA, resulting in stimulation of translation due to the destabilization of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between the 5′-UTR and the ORF of GCN5 mRNA. Because HAT1 mRNA has a short 5′-UTR, polyamines may enhance initiation complex formation directly on this mRNA.

scholarly journals Long-Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik A. Barth ◽  
Felix Prinz ◽  
Julia Teppan ◽  
Katharina Jonas ◽  
Christiane Klec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Upstream Regulators

Hypoxia is dangerous for oxygen-dependent cells, therefore, physiological adaption to cellular hypoxic conditions is essential. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main regulator of hypoxic metabolic adaption reducing oxygen consumption and is regulated by gradual von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-dependent proteasomal degradation. Beyond physiology, hypoxia is frequently encountered within solid tumors and first drugs are in clinical trials to tackle this pathway in cancer. Besides hypoxia, cancer cells may promote HIF expression under normoxic conditions by altering various upstream regulators, cumulating in HIF upregulation and enhanced glycolysis and angiogenesis, altogether promoting tumor proliferation and progression. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial to discover potential future therapeutic targets to evolve cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with a length of over 200 nucleotides. They participate in cancer development and progression and might act as either oncogenic or tumor suppressive factors. Additionally, a growing body of evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in the hypoxic and normoxic regulation of HIF and its subunits HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive update and overview of lncRNAs as regulators of HIFs expression and activation and discusses and highlights potential involved pathways.

Abscisic acid and stress regulate gene expression during germination of chick-pea seeds. Possible role of calcium

1994 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Colorado ◽  
Antonio Rodriguez ◽  
Gregorio Nicolas ◽  
Dolores Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Chick Pea ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Regulate Gene

scholarly journals Activation of a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Hog1 by DNA Damaging Agent Methyl Methanesulfonate in Yeast

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Huang ◽  
David Zhang ◽  
Fangli Weng ◽  
Yuqi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Methyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Regulate Gene

Hog1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase in yeast that primarily regulates cellular responses to hyperosmolarity stress. In this study, we have examined the potential involvement of Hog1 in mediating cellular responses to DNA damaging agents. We find that treatment of yeast cells with DNA damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induces a marked and prolonged Hog1 activation. Distinct from stressors such as arsenite that activates Hog1 via inhibiting its phosphatases, activation of Hog1 by MMS is phosphatase-independent. Instead, MMS impairs a critical phosphor-relay process that normally keeps Hog1 in an inactive state. Functionally, MMS-activated Hog1 is not translocated to the nucleus to regulate gene expression but rather stays in the cytoplasm and regulates MMS-induced autophagy and cell adaptation to MMS stress. These findings reveal a new role of Hog1 in regulating MMS-induced cellular stress.

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