scholarly journals Adipokine Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Azamar-Llamas ◽  
Gabriela Hernández-Molina ◽  
Bárbara Ramos-Ávalos ◽  
Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cartilage Explants ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Cartilage Homeostasis ◽  
And Cartilage

Recent studies have shown that overweight and obesity play an important role in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). However, joint overload is not the only risk factor in this disease. For instance, the presence of OA in non-weight-bearing joints such as the hand suggests that metabolic factors may also contribute to its pathogenesis. Recently, white adipose tissue (WAT) has been recognized not only as an energy reservoir but also as an important secretory organ of adipokines. In this regard, adipokines have been closely associated with obesity and also play an important role in bone and cartilage homeostasis. Furthermore, drugs such as rosuvastatin or rosiglitazone have demonstrated chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in cartilage explants from patients with OA. Thus, it seems that adipokines are important factors linking obesity, adiposity, and inflammation in OA. In this review, we are focused on establishing the physiological mechanisms of adipokines on cartilage homeostasis and evaluating their role in the pathophysiology of OA based on evidence derived from experimental research as well as from clinical-epidemiological studies.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue, Obesity and Adiponectin: Role in Endocrine Cancer Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Tumminia ◽  
Federica Vinciguerra ◽  
Miriam Parisi ◽  
Marco Graziano ◽  
Laura Sciacca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Prostate Cancers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complex Organ

Adipose tissue has been recognized as a complex organ with endocrine and metabolic roles. The excess of fat mass, as occurs during overweight and obesity states, alters the regulation of adipose tissue, contributing to the development of obesity-related disorders. In this regard, many epidemiological studies shown an association between obesity and numerous types of malignancies, comprising those linked to the endocrine system (e.g., breast, endometrial, ovarian, thyroid and prostate cancers). Multiple factors may contribute to this phenomenon, such as hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, abnormal adipokines secretion and metabolism. Among adipokines, growing interest has been placed in recent years on adiponectin (APN) and on its role in carcinogenesis. APN is secreted by adipose tissue and exerts both anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative actions. It has been demonstrated that APN is drastically decreased in obese individuals and that it can play a crucial role in tumor growth. Although literature data on the impact of APN on carcinogenesis are sometimes conflicting, the most accredited hypothesis is that it has a protective action, preventing cancer development and progression. The aim of the present review is to summarize the currently available evidence on the involvement of APN and its signaling in the etiology of cancer, focusing on endocrine malignancies.

Age and sex epidemiology of obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Larisa V Menshikova ◽  
Evgenia B Babanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The City ◽  
Age And Sex

BACKGROUND. Obesity by prevalence is equated to non-infectious epidemic. Conduction of epidemiological studies in different regions allows to assess the scale of the problem, to form and implement a program aimed at reducing this risk factor. AIM. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population of the city of Irkutsk depending on gender and age. MATHERIALS AND METHODS. The data of the survey of a representative sample of the adult population of Irkutsk, consisting of 3510 people, are analyzed. Based on the calculated BMI, a group of respondents with an overweight and obesity was identified. RESULTS. The average age of respondents with a BMI over 25 kg/m2 was higher than average age in the population – 48 and 40 years. The prevalence of BMI over 25 kg/m2 was diagnosed in 1551 respondents (44,2%): women 47.2% of men and 40.3% of the. Overweight was found in 27.8 %, obesity at 16.4%. While being overweight were more often registered in men, 29.8% and 26.2% and obesity in women is 21% and 10.5%. CONCLUSIONS. In the adult population of Irkutsk, we found a significant prevalence of overweight and obesity and determined its sex and age characteristics.

scholarly journals Age and sex epidemiology of obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Menshikova ◽  
Evgenia B. Babanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The City ◽  
Age And Sex

Background. Obesity by prevalence is equated to non-infectious epidemic. Conduction of epidemiological studies in different regions allows to assess the scale of the problem, to form and implement a program aimed at reducing this risk factor. Aim. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population of the city of Irkutsk depending on gender and age. Matherials and methods. The data of the survey of a representative sample of the adult population of Irkutsk, consisting of 3510 people, are analyzed. Based on the calculated BMI, a group of respondents with an overweight and obesity was identified. Results. The average age of respondents with a BMI over 25 kg/m2 was higher than average age in the population 48 and 40 years. The prevalence of BMI over 25 kg/m2 was diagnosed in 1551 respondents (44,2%): women 47.2% of men and 40.3% of the. Overweight was found in 27.8 %, obesity at 16.4%. While being overweight were more often registered in men, 29.8% and 26.2% and obesity in women is 21% and 10.5%. Conclusions. In the adult population of Irkutsk, we found a significant prevalence of overweight and obesity and determined its sex and age characteristics.

scholarly journals Obesity and pregnancy: cardiovascular and metabolic risks

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
N. G. Veselovskaya ◽  
G. A. Chumakova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

In recent years, obesity has become the leader as a cardiovascular risk factor in various clinical groups, including women of childbearing age. According to epidemiological studies over the past 10 years, obesity in pregnant women is recorded in 15-38% of cases. Obesity is a proven risk factor that complicates pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. The presence of obesity in women before childbirth is a risk factor for infertility, miscarriage in the early period and congenital malformations in the fetus. Overweight and obesity in pregnant women lead to an increase in maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the high prevalence of obesity in pregnant women, the mechanisms for the occurrence of complications, methods of correction and prevention have not been studied enough. Considering the unfavorable prognosis in children of obese mothers, studies are needed to assess the role of internal adipose tissue, adipokines in the formation of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction. It is also needed to evaluate effect of systemic inflammation in the risk of developing complications in a pregnant woman and child, as well as programs for primary prevention of obesity in childbearing age.

Effects of Diets on Adipose Tissue

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3593-3612
Author(s):  
Silvia Ezquerro ◽  
Amaia Rodríguez ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
Gema Frühbeck
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Excess Adiposity

Background: Obesity is a major health problem that has become a global epidemic. Overweight and obesity are commonly associated with the development of several pathologies, such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnea and several types of cancer, which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. An increased abdominal adiposity renders overweight and obese individuals more prone to metabolic and cardiovascular problems. Objective: This Review aims to describe the dietary strategies to deal with excess adiposity given the medical, social and economic consequences of obesity. Methods: One hundred and eighty-five papers were included in the present Review. Results: Excess adiposity leads to several changes in the biology, morphology and function of the adipose tissue, such as adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis and an impaired secretion of adipokines, contributing to the onset of obesity- related comorbidities. The first approach for obesity management and prevention is the implementation of a diet combined with physical activity. The present review summarizes the compelling evidence showing body composition changes, impact on cardiometabolism and potential adverse effects of very-low calorie, low- and high-carbohydrate, high-protein or low-fat diets. The use of macronutrients during the preprandial and postprandial state has been also reviewed to better understand the metabolic changes induced by different dietary interventions. Conclusion: Dietary changes should be individualised, tailored to food preferences and allow for flexible approaches to reducing calorie intake in order to increase the motivation and compliance of overweight and obese patients.

scholarly journals Optimizations for identifying reference genes in bone and cartilage bioengineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xiong ◽  
Xiangyun Cheng ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Roland Manfred Klar ◽  
Tao He
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Reference Gene ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Cartilage

Abstract Background Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains one of the best-established techniques to assess gene expression patterns. However, appropriate reference gene(s) selection remains a critical and challenging subject in which inappropriate reference gene selction can distort results leading to false interpretations. To date, mixed opinions still exist in how to choose the most optimal reference gene sets in accodrance to the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guideline. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate which schemes were the most feasible for the identification of reference genes in a bone and cartilage bioengineering experimental setting. In this study, rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), skeletal muscle tissue and adipose tissue were utilized, undergoing either chondrogenic or osteogenic induction, to investigate the optimal reference gene set identification scheme that would subsequently ensure stable and accurate interpretation of gene expression in bone and cartilage bioengineering. Results The stability and pairwise variance of eight candidate reference genes were analyzed using geNorm. The V0.15- vs. Vmin-based normalization scheme in rBMSCs had no significant effect on the eventual normalization of target genes. In terms of the muscle tissue, the results of the correlation of NF values between the V0.15 and Vmin schemes and the variance of target genes expression levels generated by these two schemes showed that different schemes do indeed have a significant effect on the eventual normalization of target genes. Three selection schemes were adopted in terms of the adipose tissue, including the three optimal reference genes (Opt3), V0.20 and Vmin schemes, and the analysis of NF values with eventual normalization of target genes showed that the different selection schemes also have a significant effect on the eventual normalization of target genes. Conclusions Based on these results, the proposed cut-off value of Vn/n + 1 under 0.15, according to the geNorm algorithm, should be considered with caution. For cell only experiments, at least rBMSCs, a Vn/n + 1 under 0.15 is sufficient in RT-qPCR studies. However, when using certain tissue types such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue the minimum Vn/n + 1 should be used instead as this provides a far superior mode of generating accurate gene expression results. We thus recommended that when the stability and variation of a candidate reference genes in a specific study is unclear the minimum Vn/n + 1 should always be used as this ensures the best and most accurate gene expression value is achieved during RT-qPCR assays.

scholarly journals Relationship between NAFLD and Periodontal Disease from the View of Clinical and Basic Research, and Immunological Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3728
Author(s):  
Masahiro Hatasa ◽  
Sumiko Yoshida ◽  
Hirokazu Takahashi ◽  
Kenichi Tanaka ◽  
Yoshihito Kubotsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Periodontopathic Bacteria ◽  
In Vivo Animal Model ◽  
The Relationship

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic oral microorganisms that leads to the destruction of alveolar bone and connective tissues around the teeth. Although many studies have shown that periodontal disease is a risk factor for systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and periodontal disease has not yet been clarified. Thus, the purpose of this review was to reveal the relationship between NAFLD and periodontal disease based on epidemiological studies, basic research, and immunology. Many cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological studies have indicated that periodontal disease is a risk factor for NAFLD. An in vivo animal model revealed that infection with periodontopathic bacteria accelerates the progression of NAFLD accompanied by enhanced steatosis. Moreover, the detection of periodontopathic bacteria in the liver may demonstrate that the bacteria have a direct impact on NAFLD. Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induces inflammation and accumulation of intracellular lipids in hepatocytes. Th17 may be a key molecule for explaining the relationship between periodontal disease and NAFLD. In this review, we attempted to establish that oral health is essential for systemic health, especially in patients with NAFLD.

scholarly journals Controversial alternative diets in the light of current dietary recommendations for overweight and obesity treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Karolina Goral ◽  
Justyna Siwiela-Tomaszczyk ◽  
Renata Krzyszycha ◽  
Michał Skrzypek
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Dietary Management ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Abstract The objective of the study is a critical analysis of the selected alternative diets used in the treatment of obesity inconsistent with the recommended standards, from the perspective of clinical dieticians, based on up-to-date guidelines for dietary management of obesity. Attention was paid to the assumptions of the selected alternative diets, some physiological mechanisms related with their use, as well as the deficit of data pertaining their distant effectiveness and safety. In the context of the current epidemiological situation concerning the prevalence of obesity, it is justifiable to undertake actions aimed at the professionalization of dietary management in obesity, consisting in the application of the treatment methods based on data generated in the EBM paradigm, with a simultaneous indication and criticism of dietary pseudo-therapies with unconfirmed curative value which, in addition, do not guarantee the reduction of the risk of metabolic complications of obesity.

Obesity and inflammatory bowel disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Vladimír Teplan ◽  
Milan Lukáš
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in the last decades and is generally considered to be global pandemics. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising parallel with overweight and obesity. Contrary to a conventional believe, about 15–40% patients with IBD are obese, which can contribute to the development and course of IBD, especially in Crohn’s disease. Although the findings of some cohort studies are still conflicting, recent results indicate a special role of visceral adipose tissue and particularly mesenteric adipose tissue known as creeping fat, leading to intestinal inflammation. The involvement of altered adipocyte function and deregulated production of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin has been suggested in the pathogenesis of IBD. The emerging role of Western diet and microbiota can also open new possibilities in IBD management. The effect of obesity on the IBD-related therapy remains to be studied. The finding that obesity results in suboptimal response to the therapy, potentially promoting rapid clearance of biologic agents and thus leading to their low concentrations, has a great importance. Obesity also makes IBD colorectal surgery technically challenging and might increase a risk of perioperative complications.

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