scholarly journals Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Saudi Arabia and Gulf Countries: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawra Al-Ghafli ◽  
Sahal Al-Hajoj
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are causing growing health problems worldwide. This is indicated by an increasing amount of scientific reports showing not only well-identified species reemerging but also emergence of new species. The emergence and reemergence of NTM are particularly worrying in developing countries due to scarce published data and improper identification. Here we aimed to examine the main epidemiological aspects and diagnostic challenges associated with NTM in countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and compare these findings to the international arena findings. Data revealed that countries of the GCC are largely dominated by rapidly growing mycobacteria species such asM. fortuitum(29%) andM. abscessus(17%) with high rate of definitive respiratory diseases. On the other hand, most of the developed countries are dominated by slowly growing mycobacteria such as MAC,M. kansasii, andM. gordonae. More efforts are needed, however, to gain insights into NTM issues in countries of the GCC.

scholarly journals THE JUDICIAL CONSTRUCTION RELATING TO THE TERRORISM CASES (REALITY AND PROSPECTS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 473-482
Author(s):  
Fawzi Abdelsalam Mohammed AL-KILNI ◽  
Ebtisam Hassan Salem Ben ISSA
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concern ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Military

The current study aims to discuss and investigate one of the most prominent and important issues that has been in constant debate in all the previous researches and studies dine in the scope of criminal law ; especially those regarding the juridical construction relating to the terrorism cases. The main attempt of this research is to evaluate the criminal policy of the Libyan Legislation issuing law no.3 for the year 2014 concerning Terrorism combating. Disregarding the recent issuing of the law in subject, the above-mentioned law is of great importance due to its high concern of the juridical apparatus of combating terrorism. However, what makes a wonder herewith is the Libyan legislation has been taking a step backwards when the law (4) was issued in 2017 in regarding of the amendment of the provisions of both the Military Penal Code and the Code of Military Procedures which has already mandated the judiciary of offenders of terrorism according to the terms identified in Article 3. Herewith, the perception of the effectiveness and functionality of the above-mentioned law is not possible without paying the attention to reviewing the jurisdiction from one hand and the working conditions of the judges from the other hand. However, the good conduct of the judges’ work depends heavily on doing several improvements for these apparatus, in addition to promoting the juridical capabilities by supporting these apparatus with the modern facilities, utilizing the experience of the developed countries in this regard. Therefore, the prospects are addressed to developing the juridical construction properly according to the principles of the defense rights and the fair trial as these principles are the constitution fundamentals and the traits of the criminal-justice system.

Globalization and its Challenges for Teacher Education in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
A. O. K. Noah ◽  
Adesoji A. Oni ◽  
Simeon A. Dosunmu
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries

The phenomenon of globalization is defined variously, but in general, it is defined as the establishment of a global market for goods and capital, leading to what could be described as a multiplicity of linkages and interconnections between places, events, ideas, issues, and things, irrespective of whether they are directly related or not. Globalization on the other hand cannot be a reality in any nation if its educational system is not implicitly or explicitly geared towards achieving meaningful and desirable change for that society. However, since education and indeed the (educator) teacher constitute the most viable instruments by which an emerging nation can catch up with the developed countries, globalization will therefore be a mirage if teacher education is not geared towards producing teachers who are globalization friendly, teachers who are not allergic to globalization. In view of the above, this chapter examines the concept of globalization side by side with the current goals of teacher education in Nigeria.

Global Trends in Domestic savings and Longevity- Implications for India

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Thilak Venkatesan ◽  
Venkataraman R
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
The Relationship

Demographic dividend and the lowest median age among the earning population propels consumption and growth in India. Among the emerging economies, China had the leverage for growth through exports until 2008. India benefited by demographic dividend and this translates to providing income and thereby increases savings. On the other hand, the developed countries are experiencing problems of an aging economy, a deflationary scenario, and a pension burden. India, with its major workforce in the unorganized and private sector, needs to recognize the need for forward-looking policies that stimulate savings for a better lifestyle post-retirement. The study was focussed on the relationship between longevity (life expectancy), and domestic savings. The research observed divergence between the developed nations and India. A more futuristic policy action is suggested to motivate savings as the increase in population and higher levels of economic growth can be achieved with more domestic savings.

Global Trends in Domestic savings and Longevity- Implications for India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Thilak Venkatesan ◽  
Venkataraman R
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
The Relationship

Demographic dividend and the lowest median age among the earning population propels consumption and growth in India. Among the emerging economies, China had the leverage for growth through exports until 2008. India benefited by demographic dividend and this translates to providing income and thereby increases savings. On the other hand, the developed countries are experiencing problems of an aging economy, a deflationary scenario, and a pension burden. India, with its major workforce in the unorganized and private sector, needs to recognize the need for forward-looking policies that stimulate savings for a better lifestyle post-retirement. The study was focussed on the relationship between longevity (life expectancy), and domestic savings. The research observed divergence between the developed nations and India. A more futuristic policy action is suggested to motivate savings as the increase in population and higher levels of economic growth can be achieved with more domestic savings.

The effect of Omani-Iranian relations on the security of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries after the Arab Spring

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Al-Bolushi
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
The Arab Spring

This research paper focuses on Gulf–Iran relations within the framework of the bilateral relationship between Oman and Iran. This relationship is unique as well as distinct from Oman’s relations with the other nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and has a direct influence on Gulf regional security. Oman’s relationship with Iran has grown stronger and firmer after the events of the Arab Spring. This comes at a time when the Gulf countries are suffering worsening internal security, political and economic conditions and disagree amongst themselves about how to deal with Iran. Hence, the Omani-Iranian rapprochement is intensifying the security anxieties of the GCC countries. This paper examines the conceptual frameworks for security and cooperation within the GCC. Oman’s view on security and cooperation is seen in its foreign policy which adheres to non-intervention and neutrality in foreign affairs. Omani-Iranian relations are analyzed in how they affect Gulf integration and the role played by Oman in the Iranian nuclear deal. The paper concludes by discussing Oman’s position on the current conflict in Yemen and its effect on Gulf security as well as Oman’s role in mediation between the parties in the conflict.

scholarly journals Does the onset of trends towards convergence within the differentiation of the global system confirm the general assumptions about the development of territorial and social hierarchies?

Geografie ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hampl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Global System ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Developed Countries

We are currently witnessing a significant turn in the evolution of the global system. The long term rise in the dominance of the “West” has been recently not only halted, but if fact reversed. Within the last two decades, close to a fifth of the world’s GDP has been transferred from the core to the semiperiphery, and increasingly also the periphery, of the global system. The hierarchic manner of the asymmetric geographic distribution of the world’s economy and population, and its transformation, remains a significant subject of scientific research and a key issue within the decision-making sphere of world politics. However, the discrepancy between the hierarchical differentiation of states and civilizations in terms of their size on one hand and their development (wealth) on the other remains an important issue. The degree of this discrepancy (or lack of) depends on the scale on which the differentiation is examined. At the macroregional level, it remains very pronounced, while it decreases in significance on the mezoregional and microregional levels – within the developed countries, a relative correspondence exists between both types of hierarchy. This article therefore intends to delineate the basic types of hierarchical differentiation to discuss the causal mechanisms of their formation and prospective change.

scholarly journals Urbanization: Concepts, Trends and Analysis in Three Latin American Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Alfonso Piña
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Urban Consolidation

Abstract Explanatory models on the urban expansion process have focussed mainly on the dynamic of cities in the developed countries that are characterized by a strong institutional framework, a culture of urban planning, and compliance with the rules. This paper analyses the phenomenon of urban expansion in three Latin American cities (Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and Mexico City), taking into account cities with a strong process of urbanization and where the local administration does not have enough control over the growth of cities due to the high rate of migration determining sub-urbanization, peri-urbanization, exo-urbanization, and counter-urbanization processes similar to developed countries. However, these processes may be related to hidden or displaced urbanization in rural areas of municipalities and metropolitan areas or intermediate cities due to the dynamics of urban consolidation. In every Latin American country, the participation and combination of these phenomena are different, although the results are similar: the advance of urban expansion with more segmented, disperse and distant patterns of large urban centres. This analysis determine the characteristics of the urbanization process taking into account physical and geographic aspects, urbanization trends and socioeconomic features in cities selected of Latin America and determines their impact determining the importance to formulate adequate policies that integrates environmental and socioeconomic aspects to achieve sustainable development in urban contexts.

scholarly journals Computer simulation research for Infant Industry Theory based on Repast Simphony

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Y.F Lin ◽  
Z.E Nong
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Underdeveloped Country ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Simulation Research ◽  
Infant Industry ◽  
The Developed Countries

Through analyzing logical defects of Friedrich List’s infant industry theory, this paper obtains two hypothesis. One is that no industry is with single product portfolios, and so it is difficult for the developed countries defeating under-developed countries’ infant industry completely according to the comparative advantage theory. This implies that under-developed country could obtain more survival opportunities if it leverages appropriate product diverse strategies. The other hypothesis is protecting infant industry by tariff barriers would increase the cost of whole society, which slows down the development of infant industry, and that damaging interests of both backward country and powerful country. We construct a computer simulation model on Repast Simphony platform to verify the above two hypothesizes, and our simulation results show that the above two hypotheses make sense. We also got an unexpected result that it will lead to significant decline of the yield of the infant industry if one country in the trade exerts tariff barriers, meanwhile, the yield of the other countries will also decline but the decreased amount of the infant industry of the under-developed country obviously exceed the developed country, which means the trade protection damages both side of trade and the underdeveloped country get more injury. That implies the assumption of the tariff barriers protecting and accelerating the development of infant industry does not make sense.

scholarly journals Selected socio-economic factors co-occurring with high fertility rate in the OECD countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Murkowski
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
High Fertility Rate ◽  
The Developed Countries

This article presents the results of examining selected factors co-occurring with high fertility rate in developed countries. Selected OECD countries at a similar stage of demographic development have been subjected to analysis. By means of cluster analysis, the selected developed countries have also been identified according to the type of adopted family policy. It has been found that the developed countries which spend more on family policy in relation to GDP are generally characterised by higher fertility rates than those which spend less. In the light of those findings, the family-policy expenditures which allow women to reconcile professional work with raising children turned out to be particularly important. The fertility rate has also been found to clearly correlate with labour market rates, with the level of women’s professional activity in particular. Moreover, in the developed countries the relatively high fertility rate is accompanied by low rates of young people who do not work or attend school and are not in vocational training, as well as a high rate of extramarital births.

scholarly journals The Motivation of Indonesia in Doing Carbon Trading with Norway (2010-2016)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fachrie
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The One

Abstract This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As a country which has tropical rainforest, Indonesia has become important for the developed countries in the carbon trade cooperation, especially Norway. Indonesia has the potential natural resources, such as tropic rainforest and large of land, that can be used to reduce carbon emissions in the world. By signing the letter of intent (LoI) on May 26th in 2010 in Oslo, Indonesia and Norway have agreed to conduct carbon trading both of these two countries. On the one hand, this cooperation can be advantageous for Indonesia, because Indonesia gets one billion US dollars from Norway for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program , but on the other hand Indonesia can not maximize the exploitation of forestry sector and land because of the limitation caused by REDD. It eventually causes the carbon trading between Indonesia and Norway becomes important to be inquired. Keywords: Environment, Carbon Trading, Priso Indone Policy Abstrak Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang motivasi Indonesia dalam melakukan perdagangan karbon dengan Norwegia. Sebagai negara yang memiliki hutan hujan tropis, Indonesia menjadi penting bagi negara- negara maju dalam kerja sama perdagangan karbon, terutama Norwegia. Indonesia memiliki potensi sumber daya alam, seperti hutan hujan tropis dan lahan yang luas, yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi emisi karbon di dunia. Dengan menandatangani letter of intent (LoI) pada 26 Mei 2010 di Oslo, Indonesia dan Norwegia telah sepakat untuk melakukan perdagangan karbon kedua negara ini. Di satu sisi, kerjasama ini dapat menguntungkan bagi Indonesia, karena Indonesia mendapat satu miliar dolar AS dari Norwegia untuk program Pengurangan Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi Hutan (REDD), tetapi di sisi lain Indonesia tidak dapat memaksimalkan eksploitasi sektor kehutanan dan lahan karena keterbatasan yang disebabkan oleh REDD. Hal tersebut menyebabkan perdagangan karbon antara Indonesia dan Norwegia menjadi penting untuk dipertanyakan. Kata Kunci: Lingkungan, Perdagangan Karbon, Prisoner’s Dilemma, Pilihan Rasional, Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia

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