scholarly journals Patterns of Human Respiratory Viruses and Lack of MERS-Coronavirus in Patients with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Southwestern Province of Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Abdulhaq ◽  
Vinod Kumar Basode ◽  
Anwar M. Hashem ◽  
Ahmed S. Alshrari ◽  
Nassrin A. Badroon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Dual Infections

We undertook enhanced surveillance of those presenting with respiratory symptoms at five healthcare centers by testing all symptomatic outpatients between November 2013 and January 2014 (winter time). Nasal swabs were collected from 182 patients and screened for MERS-CoV as well as other respiratory viruses using RT-PCR and multiplex microarray. A total of 75 (41.2%) of these patients had positive viral infection. MERS-CoV was not detected in any of the samples. Human rhinovirus (hRV) was the most detected pathogen (40.9%) followed by non-MERS-CoV human coronaviruses (19.3%), influenza (Flu) viruses (15.9%), and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) (13.6%). Viruses differed markedly depending on age in which hRV, Flu A, and hCoV-OC43 were more prevalent in adults and RSV, hCoV-HKU1, and hCoV-NL63 were mostly restricted to children under the age of 15. Moreover, coinfection was not uncommon in this study, in which 17.3% of the infected patients had dual infections due to several combinations of viruses. Dual infections decreased with age and completely disappeared in people older than 45 years. Our study confirms that MERS-CoV is not common in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia and shows high diversity and prevalence of other common respiratory viruses. This study also highlights the importance and contribution of enhanced surveillance systems for better infection control.

Respiratory viruses

2011 ◽  
pp. 208-211
Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

15.1 Rhinovirus, 209 15.2 Influenza, 210 15.3 Parainfluenza, 211 15.4 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 211 • There are more than 100 different serotypes of rhinovirus. • Rhinovirus is chiefly limited to upper respiratory tract infections and is the major cause of the common cold....

Epidemiological Characteristics of Common Human Coronaviruses in Korea, 2015-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youn Young Choi ◽  
Ye Kyung Kim ◽  
Jeong-Min Kim ◽  
Yoon-Seok Chung ◽  
Myung-Guk Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Co Detection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Compared to influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus, common human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are relatively understudied due to the mild nature of HCoV infection. Given the lack of local epidemiology data on common HCoVs in Korea, we aimed to describe epidemiological characteristics of common HCoVs. Methods: Respiratory viral test results from more than 67,000 respiratory samples from the two data sources, Korea Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Surveillance System (KINRESS, N=58,253) and Seoul National University Children’s Hospital (SNUCH, N=9,589) were analyzed from January 2015 to December 2019. Viral detection was done by the multiplex RT-PCR. Demographics and clinical diagnosis were collected for previously healthy children tested positive for HCoVs in SNUCH. Results: Of the 67,842 samples tested, 1 or more respiratory viruses were detected from 35,459 (52.2%) samples and 2,854 (4.2%) samples were positive for HCoVs (OC43 2.1%, NL63 1.7%, 229E 0.4%). All 3 types were co-circulated during winter months (November to February) with some variation by type. HCoV-OC43 was most prevalent, peaking every winter. HCoV-NL63 circulated with alternate peaks occurring between January-March and November-February. Meanwhile, HCoV-229E had smaller peaks every other winter in 2015/2016 and 2017/2018. From the national surveillance data, HCoV infection was most prevalent among 0 to 1 year old children and older adults aged over 70 years. 18.2% of the HCoV-positive samples were co-detected with other respiratory viruses, with the highest co-detection rate (33.7%) in children 0 to 1 year of age and the lowest co-detection rate (3.6%) in adults ≥70 years old. Upper respiratory tract infection was the most common (60.0%) clinical diagnosis of the 135 previously healthy children. Croup accounted for 17.0% of NL63-positive childrenConclusion: This study described the epidemiological characteristics of 3 types of common HCoVs (OC43, NL63, 229E) in Korea; the highest prevalence of OC43, concurrent circulation during winter, and age difference in HCoV infection and co-detection rate with other respiratory virus. It may be informative to monitor any changes in the epidemiology of common HCoVs as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.

scholarly journals Extracellular amoebal-vesicles: potential transmission vehicles for respiratory viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik Dey ◽  
Melanie A. Folkins ◽  
Nicholas J. Ashbolt
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Environmental Persistence ◽  
Viral Dissemination ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children and immunocompromised adults worldwide. Here we report that amoebae-release respirable-sized vesicles containing high concentrations of infectious RSV that persisted for the duration of the experiment. Given the ubiquity of amoebae in moist environments, our results suggest that extracellular amoebal-vesicles could contribute to the environmental persistence of respiratory viruses, including potential resistance to disinfection processes and thereby offering novel pathways for viral dissemination and transmission.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

scholarly journals Prescription Surveillance and Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing to Identify Pathogens during Outbreaks of Infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Sugiura ◽  
Tsuguto Fujimoto ◽  
Tamie Sugawara ◽  
Nozomu Hanaoka ◽  
Masami Konagaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Syndromic Surveillance ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Syndromic surveillance, including prescription surveillance, offers a rapid method for the early detection of agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases. However, it has the disadvantage of not considering definitive diagnoses. Here, we attempted to definitively diagnose pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immediately after the prescription surveillance system detected an outbreak. Specimens were collected from 50 patients with respiratory infections. PCR was used to identify the pathogens, which included 14 types of common respiratory viruses andMycoplasma pneumoniae. Infectious agents includingM. pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, enterovirus, and parainfluenza virus were detected in 54% of patients. For the rapid RSV diagnosis kit, sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 85%. For the rapid adenovirus diagnosis kit, no positive results were obtained; therefore, sensitivity could not be calculated and specificity was 100%. Many patients were found to be treated for upper respiratory tract infections without the diagnosis of a specific pathogen. In Japan, an outbreak ofM. pneumoniaeinfection began in 2011, and our results suggested that this outbreak may have included false-positive cases. By combining syndromic surveillance and PCR, we were able to rapidly and accurately identify causative pathogens during a recent respiratory infection outbreak.

scholarly journals Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9525
Author(s):  
Maria Antonia De Francesco ◽  
Caterina Pollara ◽  
Franco Gargiulo ◽  
Mauro Giacomelli ◽  
Arnaldo Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Different preventive public health measures were adopted globally to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as hand hygiene and the use of masks, travel restrictions, social distance actions such as the closure of schools and workplaces, case and contact tracing, quarantine and lockdown. These measures, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, might have contributed to containing the spread of other respiratory viruses that occurs principally by contact and droplet routes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and human coronaviruses) after one year of the pandemic. Furthermore, another aim was to evaluate the possible impact of these non-pharmaceutical measures on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This single center study was conducted between January 2017–February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and March 2020–May 2021 (pandemic period). All adults >18 years with respiratory symptoms and tested for respiratory pathogens were included in the study. Nucleic acid detection of all respiratory viruses was performed by multiplex real time PCR. Our results show that the test positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human coronaviruses decreased with statistical significance during the pandemic. Contrary to this, for adenovirus the decrease was not statistically significant. Conversely, a statistically significant increase was detected for rhinovirus. Coinfections between different respiratory viruses were observed during the pre-pandemic period, while the only coinfection detected during pandemic was between SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. To understand how the preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 might alter the transmission dynamics and epidemic patterns of respiratory viruses is fundamental to guide future preventive recommendations.

scholarly journals Impact of Rhinovirus Infections in Children

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Vandini ◽  
Carlotta Biagi ◽  
Maximilian Fischer ◽  
Marcello Lanari
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Rhinovirus (RV) is an RNA virus that causes more than 50% of upper respiratory tract infections in humans worldwide. Together with Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RV is one of the leading causes of viral bronchiolitis in infants and the most common virus associated with wheezing in children aged between one and two years. Because of its tremendous genetic diversity (>150 serotypes), the recurrence of RV infections each year is quite typical. Furthermore, because of its broad clinical spectrum, the clinical variability as well as the pathogenesis of RV infection are nowadays the subjects of an in-depth examination and have been the subject of several studies in the literature. In fact, the virus is responsible for direct cell cytotoxicity in only a small way, and it is now clearer than ever that it may act indirectly by triggering the release of active mediators by structural and inflammatory airway cells, causing the onset and/or the acute exacerbation of asthmatic events in predisposed children. In the present review, we aim to summarize the RV infection’s epidemiology, pathogenetic hypotheses, and available treatment options as well as its correlation with respiratory morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population.

scholarly journals Human Metapneumovirus: Etiological Agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized and Deceased Patients with a Negative Diagnosis of Influenza

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Gisela Barrera-Badillo ◽  
Beatriz Olivares-Flores ◽  
Adriana Ruiz-López ◽  
Miguel Ángel Fierro-Valdez ◽  
Rosaura Idania Gutiérrez-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Human Metapneumovirus ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the four major viral pathogens associated with acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) and creates a substantial burden of disease, particularly in young children (<5 years) and older individuals (≥65 years). The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological behavior of HMPV in Mexico. This retrospective study was conducted over a nine-year period and used 7283 influenza-negative respiratory samples from hospitalized and deceased patients who presented Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). The samples were processed with the help of qualitative multiplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection of 14 respiratory viruses (xTAG® RVP FAST v2). 40.8% of the samples were positive for respiratory viruses, mainly rhinovirus/enterovirus (47.6%), respiratory syncytial virus (15.9%), HMPV (11.1%) and parainfluenza virus (8.9%). Other respiratory viruses and co-infections accounted for 16.5%. HMPV infects all age groups, but the most affected group was infants between 29 days and 9 years of age (65.6%) and adults who are 40 years and older (25.7%). HMPV circulates every year from November to April, and the highest circulation was observed in late winter. The results of this study aim to raise awareness among clinicians about the high epidemiological impact of HMPV in young children and older individuals in order to reduce the economic burden in terms of health care costs.

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